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Clinical factors influencing death rattle breathing in palliative care cancer patients

Non-interventional study

Klinische Faktoren mit Einfluss auf die Symptomatik des terminalen Rasselatmens bei Tumorpatienten in der Palliativversorgung

Nichtinterventionelle Studie

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Abstract

Background and aim

In the last days of life the clinical symptom of death rattle breathing is manifested in many awake or semiconscious patients in palliative care. Scientific studies on relevant influencing factors on the characteristics of the clinical symptom of death rattle breathing in patients in palliative care are rare.

Material and methods

The design of the study is based on a non-interventional prospective study with questionnaire evaluation and was implemented at the palliative care unit at the Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Therapy, Oncology and Palliative Care at the Clinical Center Klagenfurt, Austria. The questionnaire was developed by the authors of this study.

Results

The study had a predefined duration of 10 months (from February to November 2012) and during this period a total of 273 patients were admitted to the palliative care unit of the Clinical Center in Klagenfurt. Of these 105 (38.5 %) died and could therefore be included in the evaluation but 3 patients in palliative care (2.9 %) did not fulfil the inclusion criteria of a malignant disease. In total 102 patients, 43 females (42.2 %) and 59 males (57.9 %) were evaluated. The average age was 69 years with a range of 41–92 years. The largest proportion of the random sample (62.8 %) was in the patient age group from 61 to 80 years old and death rattle breathing could be observed in 26 patients (25.3 %) of the total sample. In a specific subgroup analysis regarding the intensity of the symptom, many of the affected patients suffered noisy breathing or severe death rattle breathing. In these cases it was primarily women in the group of patients with death rattle breathing. Gender was found to be a statistically relevant influencing factor (p = 0.034) on the intensity of the symptom.

Conclusion

The great majority of the variables studied showed no influence on the development of the symptom of death rattle breathing; however, more intensive forms were manifested in female patients. The small study population could be a limitation of the present study although the prospective design allows valid conclusions to be drawn. In the future studies should be implemented in order to improve treatment of patients suffering from death rattle breathing.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund und Zielsetzung

In den letzten Tagen des Lebens zeigen viele Palliativpatienten die Symptomatik der terminalen Rasselatmung. Klinische Studien, die sich mit relevanten Einflussfaktoren des Todesrasselns beschäftigen, sind rar.

Material und Methoden

Die Studie wurde als nicht-interventionelle, prospektive Erhebung mittels Fragebogenevaluation konzipiert. Durchgeführt wurde sie auf der Palliativstation des Zentrums für Interdisziplinäre Schmerztherapie, Onkologie und Palliativmedizin des Klinikums Klagenfurt, Österreich. Der Fragebogen wurde von den Autoren der Studie entwickelt.

Ergebnisse

In einem vordefinierten Zeitraum von 10 Monaten (von Februar bis November 2012) wurden 273 Patienten auf der Palliativstation des Klinikums Klagenfurt aufgenommen. Von diesen starben 105 Patienten (38,5 %), wobei 3 Patienten (2,9 %) die Einschlusskriterien einer malignen Erkrankung nicht erfüllten. Somit wurden 102 Patienten evaluiert, 43 weiblich (42,2 %) und 59 männlich (57,9 %). Das durchschnittliche Alter lag bei 69 Jahren (Bereich: 41–92 Jahre). Den größten Anteil der Patienten (62,8 %) machte die Altersgruppe von 61 bis 80 Jahren aus. Bei insgesamt 26 Patienten (25,3 %) wurde eine Rasselatmung festgestellt. In einer Subgruppenanalyse hinsichtlich der Symptomintensität wiesen viele betroffene Patienten eine geräuschvolle Atmung oder eine schwere Rasselatmung auf. In Bezug auf diese Fälle fanden sich in der Gruppe mit terminaler Rasselatmung vorwiegend Frauen. Der Faktor Geschlecht wies einen signifikanten Zusammenhang (p = 0,034) mit der Intensität der Symptomatik auf.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Mehrheit der untersuchten Variablen zeigten keinen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung einer terminalen Rasselatmung, jedoch konnte das weibliche Geschlecht als Einflussfaktor erkannt werden. Die geringe Patientenzahl könnte ein limitierender Faktor der Studie sein, allerdings erlaubt das prospektive Studiendesign schlüssige Aussagen. Weitere klinische Studien zur terminalen Rasselatmung sollten durchgeführt werden.

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Correspondence to Rudolf Likar.

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Conflict of interest

R. Likar, M.C. Michenthaler, R. Traar, M. Molnar and S. Neuwersch state that there are no conflicts of interest.

The implementation of the study was approved by the ethics commission of the province of Carinthia, Austria. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki from 1975 (in its most recently amended version). Informed consent was waived from the ethics commission.

Funding. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Likar, R., Michenthaler, M.C., Traar, R. et al. Clinical factors influencing death rattle breathing in palliative care cancer patients. Z Gerontol Geriat 50, 332–338 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-016-1042-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-016-1042-0

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