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Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: synthesis of world-wide guidelines and integrated recommendations for assessment, management and future research

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Abstract

Rationale

Hyperprolactinemia is a highly prevalent adverse effect of many antipsychotic agents, with potentially serious health consequences. Several guidelines have been developed for the management of this condition; yet, their concordance has not been evaluated.

Objectives

The objectives of this paper were (1) to review current clinical guidelines; (2) to review key systematic evidence for management; and (3) based on our findings, to develop an integrated management recommendation specific to male and female patients who are otherwise clinically stabilised on antipsychotics.

Methods

We performed searches of Medline and EMBASE, supplemented with guideline-specific database and general web searches, to identify clinical guidelines containing specific recommendations for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia, produced/updated 01/01/2010–15/09/2016. A separate systematic search was performed to identify emerging management approaches described in reviews and meta-analyses published ≥ 2010.

Results

There is some consensus among guidelines relating to baseline PRL screening (8/12 guidelines), screening for differential diagnosis (7/12) and discontinuing/switching PRL-raising agent (7/12). Guidelines otherwise diverge substantially regarding most aspects of screening, monitoring and management (e.g. treatment with dopamine agonists). There is an omission of clear sex-specific recommendations. Systematic literature on management approaches is promising; more research is needed. An integrated management recommendation is presented to guide sex-specific clinical response to antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Key aspects include asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia monitoring and fertility considerations with PRL normalisation.

Conclusion

Further empirical work is key to shaping robust guidelines for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. The integrated management recommendation can assist clinician and patient decision-making, with the goal of balancing effective psychiatric treatment while minimising PRL-related adverse health effects in male and female patients.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Level 4, 607 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia

    Jasmin Grigg, Roisin Worsley, Caroline Thew, Caroline Gurvich, Natalie Thomas & Jayashri Kulkarni

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  1. Jasmin Grigg
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Correspondence to Jayashri Kulkarni.

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Source of support and declaration of interest

Jayashri Kulkarni has received an Independent Educational Grant from Janssen Cilag to support the production of this review of current clinical guidelines and emerging treatment methods to support updated recommendations for the management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia.

Appendices

Appendix A Database(s): Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present

Search Strategy:

#

Searches

Results

1

Hyperprolactinemia/

2961

2

hyperprolactin?emia.ti,ab.

5732

3

exp Antipsychotic Agents/

113,542

4

antipsychotic*.ti,ab.

32,619

5

exp Practice Guideline/

21,920

6

exp Guideline/

28,500

7

exp Guideline Adherence/

25,525

8

guideline*.ti,ab.

246,580

9

(clinical adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

47,048

10

(national adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

16,508

11

(department* adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

1390

12

(practice adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

31,665

13

(society adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

3594

14

(institut* adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

7426

15

(board adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

714

16

(association adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

3919

17

1 or 2

6483

18

3 or 4

124,034

19

5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16

313,469

20

17 and 18 and 19

20

Appendix B Database(s): Embase 1974 to 2016 September 12

Search Strategy:

#

Searches

Results

1

Hyperprolactinemia/

9511

2

hyperprolactin?emia.ti,ab.

7334

3

exp Antipsychotic Agents/

247,714

4

antipsychotic*.ti,ab.

47,616

5

guideline*.ti,ab.

362,228

6

(clinical adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

65,937

7

(national adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

24,506

8

(department* adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

2387

9

(practice adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

42,927

10

(society adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

5760

11

(institut* adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

11,518

12

(board adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

982

13

(association adj3 (guideline* or guidance or standard? or protocol*)).ti,ab.

5405

14

exp practice guideline/

376,919

15

1 or 2

11,327

16

3 or 4

254,259

17

5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14

657,971

18

15 and 16 and 17

213

Appendix C Database(s): Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present

Search Strategy:

#

Searches

Results

1

Hyperprolactinemia/

2978

2

hyperprolactin?emia.ti,ab.

5783

3

1 or 2

6536

4

Antipsychotic Agents/

48,899

5

antipsychotic*.ti,ab.

33,007

6

4 or 5

61,385

7

systematic review.ti,ab.

82,990

8

meta-analysis/

74,565

9

meta-analysis.ti,ab.

88,655

10

7 or 8 or 9

161,893

11

3 and 6 and 10

28

Appendix D Database(s): Embase 1974 to 2016 October 19

Search Strategy:

#

Searches

Results

1

Hyperprolactinemia/

9849

2

hyperprolactin?emia.ti,ab.

7402

3

1 or 2

11,470

4

Antipsychotic Agents/

65,495

5

antipsychotic*.ti,ab.

47,989

6

4 or 5

90,337

7

systematic review.ti,ab.

100,240

8

meta-analysis/

150,109

9

meta-analysis.ti,ab.

111,353

10

7 or 8 or 9

221,508

11

3 and 6 and 10

120

Appendix E Database(s): EBM Reviews - Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 to October 19, 2016

Search Strategy:

#

Searches

Results

1

[Hyperprolactinemia/]

0

2

hyperprolactin?emia.ti,ab.

4

3

1 or 2

4

4

[Antipsychotic Agents/]

0

5

antipsychotic*.ti,ab.

182

6

4 or 5

182

7

3 and 6

2

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Grigg, J., Worsley, R., Thew, C. et al. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: synthesis of world-wide guidelines and integrated recommendations for assessment, management and future research. Psychopharmacology 234, 3279–3297 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4730-6

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