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Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update

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Abstract

The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1988. More recently, in 2010, ethanol as the major constituent of alcoholic beverages and its metabolite acetaldehyde were also classified as carcinogenic to humans. Alcoholic beverages as multi-component mixtures may additionally contain further known or suspected human carcinogens as constituent or contaminant. This review will discuss the occurrence and toxicology of eighteen carcinogenic compounds (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, glyphosate, lead, 3-MCPD, 4-methylimidazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, pulegone, ochratoxin A, safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages as identified based on monograph reviews by the IARC. For most of the compounds of alcoholic beverages, quantitative risk assessment provided evidence for only a very low risk (such as margins of exposure above 10,000). The highest risk was found for ethanol, which may reach exposures in ranges known to increase the cancer risk even at moderate drinking (margin of exposure around 1). Other constituents that could pose a risk to the drinker were inorganic lead, arsenic, acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate, for most of which mitigation by good manufacturing practices is possible. Nevertheless, due to the major effect of ethanol, the cancer burden due to alcohol consumption can only be reduced by reducing alcohol consumption in general or by lowering the alcoholic strength of beverages.

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Acknowledgments

The original review of carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages (summary in Table 1) was drafted by DWL and JR in the context of participating as experts during the IARC monographs Vol. 96 meeting on alcoholic beverages in 2007 (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 2010) and was later updated and expanded by quantitative risk assessment (Lachenmeier et al. 2012). For this review, sections about the toxicology of each carcinogen were added, and all data were updated to represent the current knowledge in May 2016. The original material from Lachenmeier et al. (2012) is reused and updated with permission from John Wiley and Sons.

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  1. Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Tabea Pflaum, Thomas Hausler, Claudia Baumung, Svenja Ackermann, Thomas Kuballa & Dirk W. Lachenmeier

  2. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada

    Jürgen Rehm

  3. Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada

    Jürgen Rehm

  4. Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada

    Jürgen Rehm

  5. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada

    Jürgen Rehm

  6. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada

    Jürgen Rehm

  7. Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany

    Jürgen Rehm & Dirk W. Lachenmeier

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Pflaum, T., Hausler, T., Baumung, C. et al. Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update. Arch Toxicol 90, 2349–2367 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1770-3

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