Zusammenfassung
Der zunehmende Einsatz von Implantatmaterialien führt zu einem Anstieg des Infektionsrisikos in der modernen Orthopädie. Ist ein Implantatmaterial erst einmal infiziert werden, muss—da die Pathophysiologie dieser speziellen Art von Infektion zu einer relativen Unempfindlichkeit konventioneller Antibiotikatherapien führt—in der Regel das Material explantiert werden. Die Folgen sowohl für den Patienten als auch für unser Gesundheitssystem sind gravierend.
Mindestens ein Drittel der Infektionen lässt sich durch striktes hygienisches Arbeiten verhindern. Aufgrund auch geringster Inokulationsmengen als Basis für eine Materialkolonisation und -infektion muss von einem großen Anteil „physiologischer Infektionen“ ausgegangen werden. Deshalb ist die Entwicklung infektionsresistenter Implantatmaterialien eine medizinische Notwendigkeit. Moderne Konzepte solcher Materialien beinhalten antimikrobielle „Drug-delivery-Systeme“, welche in der Lage sind, unphysiologisch hohe Konzentrationen antimikrobieller Substanzen in die Mirkoumgebung des Implantats abzugeben, um damit die phänotypische Resistenz adhärenter Mikroorganismen zu überlisten.
Abstract
One of the most important risk factors in orthopedic surgery is implant-associated infection. Adhesion and colonization mediated implant infections are extremely resistant to antibiotics and host defences and frequently persist until the biomaterial or foreign body is removed, which is standard therapy. Tissue damage caused by surgery and foreign body implantation increases the susceptibility to infections, activates host defences and stimulates the generation of inflammatory mediators including radicals that are further aggravated by bacterial activity and toxins.
Nearly one third of implant-related infections can be prevented by strictly following established infection control guidelines. However, a significant number of implant-associated infections remains. The escape of bacteria from host defence and antibiotic therapy makes the development of infection-resistant materials as antimicrobial drug delivery systems feasible. This concept consists of the sustained delivery of antimicrobial drugs into the local microenvironment of implants avoiding systemic side effects exceeding usual systemic concentrations by magnitudes of order.
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Schierholz, J.M., Morsczeck, C., Brenner, N. et al. Besonderheiten der implantatassoziierten Infektion in der orthopädischen Chirurgie. Orthopäde 33, 397–404 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-004-0643-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-004-0643-2