Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nationale S3-Leitlinie hepatozelluläres Karzinom

National S3 guidelines on hepatocellular carcinoma

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Radiologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Klinisches/methodisches Problem

Evidenzbasierter diagnostischer und therapeutischer Algorithmus bei hepatozellulärem Karzinom.

Radiologische Standardverfahren

Ultraschall, Computertomographie, Magnetresonanztomographie, bildgeführte perkutane Biopsie, perkutane Thermoablation, transarterielle Chemoembolisation.

Methodische Innovationen

Leitliniengerechte Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms.

Leistungsfähigkeit

Die Formulierung der deutschen S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms“ erfolgte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Qualitätsindikatoren bzw. standardisierter Methoden der Qualitätssicherung.

Bewertung

Im Jahr 2013 wurde die deutsche S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms“ im Rahmen des Leitlinienprogramms Onkologie der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft publiziert bzw. klinisch implementiert.

Empfehlung für die Praxis

Die deutsche S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms“ ist als nationaler Goldstandard anzusehen mit dem Ziel, die Patientenversorgung zu optimieren.

Abstract

Clinical/methodical issue

Evidence-based therapeutic and diagnostic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Standard radiological methods

Ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, image-guided percutaneous biopsy, percutaneous thermal ablation and transarterial chemoembolization.

Methodical innovations

Diagnostic and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma according to the official German interdisciplinary guidelines.

Performance

The formulation of the German S3 guidelines on diagnosis and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma was performed under special consideration of quality indicators and standardized quality improvement methods.

Achievements

In 2013 the German S3 guidelines on diagnosis and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma were published and clinically implemented as part of the nationwide guideline program in oncology of the Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft (German Cancer Society).

Practical recommendations

The German S3 guidelines on diagnosis and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma have to be considered as the national gold standard with the goal of optimization of patient care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Abbreviations

AASLD:

American Association for the Study of the Liver

AFP:

α-Fetoprotein

AHB:

Anschlussheilbehandlung

AWMF:

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften

BCLC:

Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer

CDR:

Clinical Decision Rule

CEUS:

Kontrastmittelsonographie

CECT:

Kontrastmittelgestützte Computertomographie

CEMRT:

Kontrastmittelgestützte Magnetresonanztomographie

CT:

Computertomographie

DGVS:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten

EASL:

European Association for the Study of the Liver

ECOG:

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

EG:

Empfehlungsgrad, A starke Empfehlung, B Empfehlung, 0 offene Empfehlung, ST Statement

GCP:

Good Clinical Practice

HBV:

Hepatitis-B-Virus

HCC:

„Hepatocellular carcinoma“ (hepatozelluläres Karzinom)

HCV:

Hepatitis-C-Virus

HDV:

Hepatitis Delta

ICC:

Intrahepatisches Cholangiokarzinom

KM:

Kontrastmittel

MRT:

Magnetresonanztomographie

OL:

Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie

PEI:

Perkutane Ethanolinjektion

pTNM:

Pathologische Klassifikation von Tumor, Lymphknoten und Metastasen

RCT:

Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie

RECIST:

Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors

RFA:

Radiofrequenzablation

SR:

Systematische Review

ST:

Statement

TACE:

Transarterielle Chemoembolisation

TNM:

Tumor-Lymphknoten-Metastasen

WHO:

World Health Organization

Literatur

  1. Parkin DM et al (2001) Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer 94(2):153–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bruix J et al (2004) Focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell 5(3):215–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Page AJ et al (2014) Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Surg Oncol Clin North Am 23(2):289–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Malek NP et al (2014) The diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dtsch Arztebl Int 111(7):101–106

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Khalili K et al (2011) Optimization of imaging diagnosis of 1–2 cm hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of diagnostic performance and resource utilization. J Hepatol 54(4):723–728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kim JE et al (2011) Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma 1 cm or smaller in patients with chronic liver disease: characterization with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI that includes diffusion-weighted imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 196(6):W758–W765

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Forner A et al (2008) Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 47(1):97–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sangiovanni A et al (2010) The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut 59(5):638–644

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Baek CK et al (2012) Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: a comparison of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and multiphasic MDCT. Clin Radiol 67(2):148–156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Addley HC et al (2011) Accuracy of hepatocellular carcinoma detection on multidetector CT in a transplant liver population with explant liver correlation. Clin Radiol 66(4):349–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Burrel M et al (2003) MRI angiography is superior to helical CT for detection of HCC prior to liver transplantation: an explant correlation. Hepatology 38(4):1034–1042

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Colli A et al (2006) Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alphafetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 101(3):513–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bruix J, Sherman M (2011) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 53(3):1020–1022

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Herszenyi L et al (1995) Fine-needle biopsy in focal liver lesions: the usefulness of a screening programme and the role of cytology and microhistology. Ital J Gastroenterol 27(9):473–478

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Durand F et al (2001) Assessment of the benefits and risks of percutaneous biopsy before surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 35(2):254–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang P et al (2008) Diagnostic value and complications of fine needle aspiration for primary liver cancer and its influence on the treatment outcome – a study based on 3011 patients in China. Eur J Surg Oncol 34(5):541–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Caturelli E et al (1996) Cytological vs microhistological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparative accuracies in the same fine-needle biopsy specimen. Dig Dis Sci 41(12):2326–2331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Leoni S et al (2010) The impact of vascular and nonvascular findings on the noninvasive diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma based on the EASL and AASLD criteria. Am J Gastroenterol 105(3):599–609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sheu JC et al (1985) Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 89(2):259–266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bruix J et al (2001) Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 35(3):421–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. European Association For The Study Of The Liver and European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer (2012) EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 56(4):908–943

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kim SH et al (2009) Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI versus triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192(6):1675–1681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Müllhaupt B et al (2011) Is tumor biopsy necessary? Liver Transpl 17(Suppl 2):S14–S25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia and The International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia (2009) Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia. Hepatology 49(2):658–664 (Erratum in: Hepatology, 2009. 49(3):1058)

  25. Purysko AS et al (2012) LI-RADS: a case-based review of the new categorization of liver findings in patients with end-stage liver disease. Radiographics 32(7):1977–1995

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Yamakado K et al (2008) Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: radiofrequency ablation combined with chemoembolization versus hepatectomy. Radiology 247(1):260–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Peng ZW et al (2012) Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sequential transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and RF ablation versus RF ablation alone: a prospective randomized trial. Radiology 262(2):689–700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chua TC et al (2010) Systematic review of neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 30(2):166–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Morimoto M et al (2010) Midterm outcomes in patients with intermediate-sized hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial for determining the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Cancer 116(23):5452–5460

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim JH et al (2011) Medium-sized (3.1–5.0 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: transarterial chemoembolization plus radiofrequency ablation versus radiofrequency ablation alone. Ann Surg Oncol 18(6):1624–1629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shibata T et al (2009) Small hepatocellular carcinoma: is radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization more effective than radiofrequency ablation alone for treatment? Radiology 252(3):905–913

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ferrari FS et al (2007) Treatment of small HCC through radiofrequency ablation and laser ablation. Comparison of techniques and long-term results. Radiol Med 112(3):377–393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ohmoto K et al (2009) Comparison of therapeutic effects between radiofrequency ablation and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinomas. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24(2):223–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ikeda M et al (2001) Radiofrequency ablation and percutaneous ethanol injection in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparative study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 31(7):322–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lencioni RA et al (2003) Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 228(1):235–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lin SM et al (2004) Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma < or = 4 cm. Gastroenterology 127(6):1714–1723

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Shiina S et al (2005) A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 129(1):122–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Brunello F et al (2008) Radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 43(6):727–735

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Orlando A et al (2009) Radiofrequency thermal ablation vs. percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 104(2):514–524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Mazzaferro V et al (2004) Radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: a prospective study. Ann Surg 240(5):900–909

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pompili M et al (2005) Percutaneous ablation procedures in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma submitted to liver transplantation: assessment of efficacy at explant analysis and of safety for tumor recurrence. Liver Transpl 11(9):1117–1126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wong LL et al (2004) Pre-transplant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of tumor necrosis in explanted livers. Clin Transplant 18(3):227–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yao FY et al (2008) Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation: an intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology 48(3):819–827

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Graziadei IW et al (2003) Chemoembolization followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma impedes tumor progression while on the waiting list and leads to excellent outcome. Liver Transpl 9(6):557–563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Majno PE et al (1997) Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 226(6):688–701 (discussion 701–703)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Millonig G et al (2007) Response to preoperative chemoembolization correlates with outcome after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 13(2):272–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Otto G et al (2006) Response to transarterial chemoembolization as a biological selection criterion for liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 12(8):1260–1267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Chapman WC et al (2008) Outcomes of neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization to downstage hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation. Ann Surg 248(4):617–625

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fisher RA et al (2004) Non-resective ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: effectiveness measured by intention-to-treat and dropout from liver transplant waiting list. Clin Transplant 18(5):502–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cornberg M et al (2011) Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis B virus infection – the German guideline. Z Gastroenterol 49(7):871–930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sarrazin C et al (2010) Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: the German guidelines on the management of HCV infection. Z Gastroenterol 48(2):289–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Shen YC et al (2010) Adjuvant interferon therapy after curative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a meta-regression approach. J Hepatol 52(6):889–894

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Breitenstein S et al (2009) Systematic review and meta-analysis of interferon after curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with viral hepatitis. Br J Surg 96(9):975–981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mazzaferro V et al (2006) Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence with alpha-interferon after liver resection in HCV cirrhosis. Hepatology 44(6):1543–1554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ji J et al (2009) MicroRNA expression, survival, and response to interferon in liver cancer. N Engl J Med 361(15):1437–1447

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Zimmerman MA et al (2007) Antiviral prophylaxis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis B. Transplant Proc 39(10):3276–3280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Zimmerman MA et al (2007) Predictors of long-term outcome following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience. Transpl Int 20(9):747–753

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Toso C et al (2007) De novo sirolimus-based immunosuppression after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term outcomes and side effects. Transplantation 83(9):1162–1168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Chinnakotla S et al (2009) Impact of sirolimus on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15(12):1834–1842

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Vivarelli M et al (2010) Sirolimus in liver transplant recipients: a large single-center experience. Transplant Proc 42(7):2579–2584

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Toso C et al (2010) Sirolimus-based immunosuppression is associated with increased survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 51(4):1237–1243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kneteman NM et al (2004) Sirolimus-based immunosuppression for liver transplantation in the presence of extended criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 10(10):1301–1311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lo CM et al (2002) Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 35(5):1164–1171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Llovet JM, Bruix J (2003) Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 37(2):429–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Pompili M et al (2013) Long-term effectiveness of resection and radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma ≤ 3 cm. Results of a multicenter Italian survey. J Hepatol 59(1):89–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Martin RC et al (2010) Safety and efficacy of microwave ablation of hepatic tumors: a prospective review of a 5-year experience. Ann Surg Oncol 17(1):171–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Takaki H et al (2007) Radiofrequency ablation combined with chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas 5 cm or smaller: risk factors for local tumor progression. J Vasc Interv Radiol 18(7):856–861

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Guang C et al (2011) Effect of interval between transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization and radiofrequency ablation on ablated lesion size in a swine model. Jpn J Radiol 29(9):649–655

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ni JY et al (2013) Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation in combination with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 19(24):3872–3882

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Xu LF et al (2013) Large primary hepatocellular carcinoma: transarterial chemoembolization monotherapy versus combined transarterial chemoembolization-percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28(3):456–463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Worns MA et al (2009) Safety and efficacy of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in consideration of concomitant stage of liver cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 43(5):489–495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Schutte K et al (2011) Sorafenib therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in advanced liver cirrhosis. Digestion 83(4):275–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Miller AA et al (2009) Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sorafenib in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction: CALGB 60301. J Clin Oncol 27(11):1800–1805

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Yau T et al (2009) Phase 2 open-label study of single-agent sorafenib in treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in a hepatitis B-endemic Asian population: presence of lung metastasis predicts poor response. Cancer 115(2):428–436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Shim JH et al (2009) Practical efficacy of sorafenib monotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 135(4):617–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pinter M et al (2011) Prognostic factors in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 34(8):949–959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Cheng AL et al (2009) Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10(1):25–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kim JE et al (2011) Sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma according to Child-Pugh class of liver function. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 68(5):1285–1290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hollebecque A et al (2011) Safety and efficacy of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma: the impact of the Child-Pugh score. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 34(10):1193–1201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Llovet JM et al (2008) Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 359(4):378–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ozenne V et al (2010) Tolerance and outcome of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22(9):1106–1110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Abou-Alfa GK et al (2011) Safety and efficacy of sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and child-pugh A versus B cirrhosis. Gastrointest Cancer Res 4(2):40–44

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Pinter M et al (2009) Sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma from mild to advanced stage liver cirrhosis. Oncologist 14(1):70–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Iavarone M et al (2011) Field-practice study of sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective multicenter study in Italy. Hepatology 54(6):2055–2063

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Forner A et al (2012) Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 379(9822):1245–1255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft, Deutsche Krebshilfe. AWMF): Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms, Langversion 1.0, AWMF Registrierungsnummer: 032-053OL, http://leitlinienprogramm-onkologie.de/Leitlinie.7.0.html

Download references

Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. P.L. Pereira weist auf folgernde Beziehung hin: er ist Mitglied der Leitliniengruppe in Funktion des Mandatsträgers der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Interventionelle Radiologie und minimal-invasive Therapie (DeGIR). C.M. Sommer, U. Stampfl und H.U. Kauczor geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Radiologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland

    C.M. Sommer, U. Stampfl & H.U. Kauczor

  2. Klinik für Radiologie, minimal-invasive Therapien und Nuklearmedizin, Heilbronn-Franken Cancer Center, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn GmbH, Am Gesundbrunnen 20–28, 74078, Heilbronn, Deutschland

    P.L. Pereira

Authors
  1. C.M. Sommer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. U. Stampfl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H.U. Kauczor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P.L. Pereira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P.L. Pereira.

Additional information

Dieser Beitrag enthält Auszüge aus der S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms“. Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Leitlinienprogramms Onkologie.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sommer, C., Stampfl, U., Kauczor, H. et al. Nationale S3-Leitlinie hepatozelluläres Karzinom. Radiologe 54, 642–653 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2656-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2656-0

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation