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Komplikationsvermeidung in der onkologischen Chirurgie der Becken-/Leistenregion

Kombiniert onkochirurgische und plastisch-rekonstruktive Maßnahmen

Avoidance of complications in oncological surgery of the pelvic region

Combined oncosurgical and plastic reconstruction measures

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Zusammenfassung

Die Vermeidung peri- und postoperativer Komplikationen bei der chirurgischen Therapie von Tumoren im Beckenbereich und dessen angrenzenden Regionen stellt eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung dar. In Folge der Resektion intraabdomineller/intrapelviner Tumoren können sich postoperativ u. a. chronisch fistulierende Höhlen entwickeln, welche mittels einzeitig durchgeführter Lappenplastiken wie z. B. dem transpelvinen VRAM-Lappen vermieden werden können. Auch ausgedehnte Haut-Weichteil-Defekt nach Tumorresektionen perineal/perianal können hierdurch erfolgreich rekonstruiert und langwierige Wundheilungsstörungen umgangen werden. Bei malignen Weichteiltumoren der Beckenregion kann hingegen prinzipiell eine zeitliche Trennung zwischen onkochirurgischer Resektion und plastisch-chirurgischer Rekonstruktion zur Erhöhung der onkologischen Sicherheit (R0-Situation) durchgeführt werden, wenn eine R0-Resektion ungewiss ist. In Fällen mit Exposition z. B. der Femoralgefäße in der Leistenregion oder von Hohlorganen bzw. bei durch die Resektion entstandenen ausgedehnten Hohlräumen ist stets ein einzeitiges Vorgehen indiziert.

Das plastisch-rekonstruktive Spektrum sollte grundsätzlich über die gestielten regionalen Lappen hinaus auch die freie mikrochirurgische Transplantation verschiedenartiger Lappenplastiken umfassen, sodass bei den onkologischen Anforderungen an die Resektion keine Kompromisse gemacht werden müssen und gleichzeitig eine effiziente Komplikationsvermeidung mit möglichst weitgehender Wiederherstellung der Lebensqualität der Patienten auch bei komplexen Fällen ermöglicht wird.

Abstract

Prevention of perioperative and postoperative complications resulting from surgical oncology in the pelvic region remains a major interdisciplinary challenge. With modern interdisciplinary concepts joining forces of various surgical specialties, tumor resection can be sufficiently carried out with wide margins and the patients benefit from reduced morbidity even in complex situations. As an example chronic fistulation and secretion from the presacral cavity and sinus may result as potential sequelae from intra-abdominal and intrapelvic tumor resection, especially when neoadjuvant multimodal therapies have been applied. This can be prevented by simultaneous transplantation of for example transpelvic vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap transfer, while extensive perineal skin and soft tissue defects may also be simultaneously reconstructed. In cases of malignant soft tissue tumors in the pelvic region a staged surgical procedure can be performed with a period of time between tumor resection and reconstruction. Thus, a histological R0 status can be secured prior to plastic reconstruction surgery in order to increase oncological safety. In cases of postresectional exposition of e. g. pelvic or femoral vessels or intrapelvic and intra-abdominal organs simultaneous flap procedure is mandatory.

The reconstructive armamentarium of the plastic surgeon should contain not only pedicled but also free microsurgical flaps so that no compromise in terms of the extent of the oncological resection has to be accepted. At the same time perioperative and postoperative complications may be avoided and the patient quality of life can be preserved even in more complex cases.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J.P. Beier, R.S.Croner, W. Lang, A. Arkudas, M. Schmitz, J. Göhl, W. Hohenberger und R.E. Horch geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Beier, J., Croner, R., Lang, W. et al. Komplikationsvermeidung in der onkologischen Chirurgie der Becken-/Leistenregion. Chirurg 86, 242–250 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2835-6

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