Neurological outcome following neonatal post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus: the effects of maximum raised intracranial pressure and ventriculo-peritoneal shunting

Abstract

The neuromotor outcome of 33 survivors of grade 3 or 4 neonatal post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus born between 1975 and 1988 was assessed at a mean age of 4.7 years (9 months to 13 years). Two outcomes were determined: 12 patients were either normal (10) or had neurological signs without functional impairments (2), while 21/33 were moderately (16), severely (2), or profoundly impaired (3). Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured in 26/33 patients (4–40 mm Hg): 2 had normal pressures (<5.6 mm Hg) and were normal. Raised ICP was not significantly different between outcome groups. Twenty-seven children were shunted; 10/27 had five or more operations (up to 14) and all of these had abnormal neurological outcomes, whereas the number of children with 1–4 shunt procedures was equal in both outcome groups. The rise in morbidity after the fourth shunt procedure may be associated with the ventriculitis suffered by 9 of the 10 patients with more than four shunts (P<0.01): this compares with 4/14 cases of ventriculitis in the children with 2–4 shunts and no cases of infection in the 3/27 who were shunted once. Outcome was independent of antenatal and perinatal factors including the age at or mode of presentation, and was unrelated to grade of intraventricular haemorrhage or parenchymal changes on ultrasound or CT scanning. Conclusion: for these small numbers, adverse outcome is statistically related to more than four shunt procedures and ventriculitis but independent of maximum ICP or other perinatal factors.