Abstract
Infusion therapy has been employed worldwide for over 45 years, yet ironically the hazard of iatrogenic septicaemic infection only gradually became recognized in the late 1950s1.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Maki, D. G., Goldmann, D. A. and Rhame, F. S. (1973). Infection control in intravenous therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. ,79, 867
Michaels, L. and Ruebner, B. (1953). Growth of bacteria in intravenous infusion fluids. Lancet ,i, 772
Ewing, W. S. and Fife, M. A. (1971). Enterobacter agglomerans. The herbicola-lathyri bacteria. (Atlanta, Georgia: Center for Disease Control)
Center for Disease Control. (1971). Nosocomial bacteremias associated with intravenous fluid therapy-U.S.A. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Rep. ,20 (Suppl.)
Felts, S. K., Shaffner, W., Melly, M. A. and Koenig, M. G. (1972). Sepsis caused by contaminated intravenous fluids: epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory investigations of an outbreak in one hospital. Ann. Intern. Med., 11 ,881
Fisher, E. J., Maki, D. G., Eisses, J. and Quinn, E. (1971). Epidemic septicemias due to intrinsically contaminated infusion products. Abstracts of papers presented at the Eleventh Interscience Conference for Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ,October 20, Atlantic City
Mackel, D. C., Maki, D. G., Anderson, R. L., Rhame, F. S. and Bennett, J. V. (1975). Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products: mechanisms of intrinsic contamination. J. Clin. Microbiol, 2 ,486
Maki, D. G., Rhame, F. S., Mackel, D. C. and Bennett, J. V. (1976). Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products: epidemiologic and clinical features. Am. J. Med. ,60, 471
Maki D. G., Rhame, F. S., Goldmann, D. A. and Mandell, G. L. (1973). The infection hazard posed by contaminated intravenous infusion fluid. Bacteremia-Laboratory and Clinical Aspects (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas)
Maki, D. G., Anderson, R. L. and Shulman, J. A. (1974). In-use con tamination of intravenous infusion fluid. Appl. Microbiol. ,28, 778
Sack, R. A. (1970). Epidemic of Gram-negative organism septicemia subsequent to elective operation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecoi ,107, 394
Duma, R. J., Warner, J. F. and Dalton, H. P. (1971). Septicemia from intravenous infusions. N. Engl. J. Med. ,284, 257
Mortenson, L. E. (1962). Inorganic nitrogen assimilation and ammonia incorporation. The Bacteria. Vol. III. Biosynthesis. (London and New York: Academic Press)
Ingraham, J. L. (1962). Temperature relationships. The Bacteria. Vol. IV. The Physiology of Growth. (London and New York: Academic Press)
Maki, D. G. and Martin, W. T. (1975). Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated infusion products. IV. Growth of microbial pathogens in fluids for intravenous infusion. J. Infect. Dis. ,131, 267
Crichton, E. P. (1973). Infusion fluids as culture media. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. ,59, 199
Guynn, J. B. Jr., Poretz, D. M. and Duma, R. J. (1973). Growth of various bacteria in a variety of intravenous fluids. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. ,30, 321
Gelbart, S. M., Reinhardt, G. F. and Greenlee, H. B. (1973). Multiplication of nosocomial pathogens in intravenous feeding solutions. Appl. Microbiol. ,26, 874
Pierpaoli, P. G., Palmer, H. A. and Codino, R. J. (1973). Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. ,7, 515
Steckel, S. D., Gonik, M., Martens, P. J., Patel, J. A., Curtis, E. G. and Ho, N. F. (1973). Drug. Intell. Clin. Pharm. ,7, 177
Goldmann, D. A. and Maki, D. G. (1973). Infection control in total parenteral nutrition. J. Am. Med. Ass. ,223, 1360
Boeckman, C. R. and Krill, C. E. Jr. (1970). Bacterial and fungal infections complicating parenteral alimentation in infants and children. J. Pediatr. Surg., 5 ,117
Deeb, E. N. and Natsios, G. A. (1971). Contamination of intravenous fluids by bacteria and fungi during preparation and administration. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. ,28, 764
Brennan, M. F., O’Connell, R. C, Rosol, J. A. and Kundsin, R. (1971). The growth of Candida albicans in nutritive solutions given parenterally. Arch. Surg. ,103, 705
Goldmann, D. A., Martin, W. T. and Worthington, J. W. (1973). Growth of bacteria and fungi in total parenteral nutrition solutions. Am. J. Surg. ,126, 314
Sanderson, I. and Deitel, M. (1973). Intravenous hyperalimentation without sepsis. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet ,136, 577
Favero, M. S., Carson, L. A., Bond, W. W. and Petersen, N. J. (1971). Pseudomonas aeruginosa:growth in distilled water for hospitals. Science ,173, 836
Carson, L. A., Favero, M. S., Bond, W. W. and Petersen, N. J. (1973). Morphological, biochemical, and growth characteristics of Pseudomonas cepacia from distilled water. Appl. Microbiol. ,25, 476
Phillips, I., Eykyn, S. and Laker, M. (1972). Outbreak of hospital infection caused by contaminated autoclaved fluids. Lancet ,i, 1258
Meers, P. D., Calder, M. W., Mazhar, M. M. and Lawrie, G. M. (1973). Intravenous infusion of contaminated dextrose solution. Lancet ,ii, 1189
Center for Disease Control. (1973). Septicemias associated with con taminated intravenous fluids. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ,22, 99
Center for Disease Control (1976). Primary Bacteremia-Illinois. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ,25, 110
Guirard, B. M. and Snell, E. E. (1962). Nutritional requirements of microorganisms. The Bacteria. Vol. IV. The Physiology of Growth. (London and New York: Academic Press)
Stokstad, E. L. R., Broquist, H. P. and Sloan, N. H. (1955). Nutrition of microorganisms. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. ,9, 111
Lebowitz, M. H., Masuda, J. Y. and Beckerman, J. H. (1971). The pH and acidity of intravenous solutions. J. Am. Med. Ass. ,215, 1937
James, B. E. and MacMahon, R. A. (1970). Trace elements in intravenous fluids. Med. J. Austral. ,2, 1161
Bergersen, F. J. and Hipsley, E. H. (1970). The presence of N2-fixing bacteria in the intestines of man and animals. J. Gen. Microbiol. ,60, 61
Mahl, M. C, Wilson, P. W., Fife, M. A. and Ewing, W. H. (1965). Nitrogen fixation by members of the tribe Klebsielleae. J. Bacteriol. ,89, 1482
Thimann, K. V. (1963). The life of bacteria : their growth, metabolism and relationships. (London and New York: Macmillan)
Wetterlow, C. H., Kay, F. H. and Edsall, G. (1954). Missed contaminations in biologic products: The role of psychrophilic bacteria. J. Lab. Clin. Med. ,43, 411
Silardi, G. L. (1965). Nutrition of systemic and subcutaneous pathogenic fungi. Bact. Rev. ,29, 406
Postgate, J. R. and Hunter, J. R. (1962). The survival of starved bacteria. J. Gen. MicrobioL ,29, 233
Rose, A. H. (1965). Chemical Microbiology. (London: Butterworths)
Postgate, J. R. (1967). Viability measurements and survival of microbes under minimum stress. Advances in Microbiologic Physiology ,Vol. 1. (London and New York: Academic Press)
Lapage, S. P., Johnson, R. and Holmes, B. (1973). Bacteria from intra venous fluids. Lancet ,ii, 284
Phillips, I., Eykyn, S., Curtis, M. A. and Snell, J. J. S. (1971). Pseudomonas cepacia (multivorans) septicaemia in an intensive care unit. Lancet ,i, 375
Stamm, W. E. ,Colella, J. J., Anderson, R. L. and Dixon, R. E. (1975). Indwelling arterial catheters as a source of nosocomial bacteremia. N. Engl. J. Med. ,292, 1099
Center for Disease Control. (1974). Nosocomial Pseudomonas cepacia bacteremia caused by contaminated pressure transducers. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Rep. ,23, 423
Center for Disease Control. (1975). Transducer-associated bacteremia. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Rep. ,24, 295
Jorgensen, J. H. and Smith, R. F. (1973). Rapid detection of contaminated intravenous fluids using the Limulus in vitro endotoxin assay. Appl. MicrobioL ,26, 521
Salzman, T. C., Clark, J. J. and Klemm, L. (1968). Hand contamination of personnel as a mechanism of cross-infection in nosocomial infections with antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella-Aerobacter. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. ,1967, 97
Knittle, M. A. ,Eitzman, D. V. and Baer, J. (1975). Role of hand contamination of personnel in epidemiology of Gram-negative nosocomial infections. J. Pediatr. ,86, 433
Pollack, M., Charache, P., Nieman, R. E., Jett, M. P., Reinhardt, J. A., and Hardy, P. H. Jr. (1972). Factors influencing colonization and antibioticresistant patterns of Gram-negative bacteria in hospital patients. Lancet ,ii, 668
Fonkalsrud, E. W., Pederson, B. M., Murphy, J. and Beckerman, J. H. (1968). Reduction of infusion thrombophlebitis with buffered glucose solutions. Surgery ,63, 280
Ansel, H. C. and Gigandet, M. P. (1971). Change in pH of infusion solutions upon mixing with blood. J. Am. Med. Ass. ,218, 1052
Braude, A. I. (1958). Transfusion reactions from contaminated blood. Their recognition and treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. ,258, 1289
Robertson, M. H. (1970). Fungi in fluids-a hazard of intravenous therapy. J. Med. Microbiol. ,3, 99
Maddocks, A. C. and Raine, G. (1972). Contaminated drip fluids. Br. Med. J. ,ii, 231
Dans, P. E., Barrett, F. F., Casey, J. I. and Finland, M. (1970). Klebsiella Enîerobacter at Boston City Hospital. Arch. Intern. Med. ,125, 94
Pruitt, B. A., Stein, J. M., Foley, F. D., Moncrief, J. A. and O’Neill, J. A. (1970). Intravenous therapy in burn patients-suppurative thrombophlebitis and other life-threatening complications. Arch. Surg. ,100, 399
Finland, M. (1970). Changing ecology of bacterial infections as related to anti-bacterial therapy. J. Infect. Dis. ,122, 419
Altemeier, W. A., McDonough, J. J. and Fullen, W. D. (1971). Third day surgical fever. Arch. Surg. ,103, 158
Myerowitz, R. L., Medeiros, A. A. and O’Brien, T. F. (1971). Recent experience with bacillemia due to Gram-negative organisms. J. Infect. Dis. ,124, 239
Freeman, J. B., Lemire, A. and MacLean, L. D. (1972). Intravenous ali mentation and septicemia. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. ,135, 708
The United States Pharmacopia. (1975). (Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Company)
Burch, C. W. (1974). Levels of sterility: probabilities of survivors vs. biological indicators. Bull. Parenteral Drug Assoc. ,28, 105
Tenney, J., Maki, D., Rhame, F., Goldmann, D., Dixon, R. and Bennett, J. V. (1973). Intrinsic contamination of intravenous fluid products. Presented to The 10 1st Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association ,November, San Francisco
Bennett, J. V. (1976). Minutes of the expert advisory panel on sterility control in manufacturing. National Coordinating Committee on Large Volume Parenterals, November 25, 1975
Buth, J. A., Coverly, R. A. and Eckel, F. M. (1973). A practical method of sterility monitoring of IV admixtures and a method of implementing a routine sterility monitoring program. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. ,7, 276
Kundsin, R. B., Walter, C. W. and Scott, J. A. (1973). In-use testing of sterility of intravenous solutions in plastic containers. Surgery ,73, 778
Hanson, A. L. and Shelley, R. M. (1974). Monitoring contamination levels of intravenous solutions using “total-sample” techniques. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. ,31, 733
Ravin, R., Bahr, J. et al. (1974). Program for bacterial surveillance of intravenous admixtures. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. ,31, 340
Rycroft, J. A. and Moon, D. (1975). An “in-production” method for testing the sterility of infusion fluids. J. Hyg., Camb. ,74, 17
American Public Health Association. (1971). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.13th Ed. (New York: American Public Health Association, Inc.)
Rojas-Corona, R. B., Skarner, R., Tamakuma, S. and Fine, J. (1969). The Limulus coagulation assay for endotoxin: a comparison with other assay methods. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. ,132, 599
Jorgensen, J. H., Carvajul, B. E., Chipps, B. E. and Smith, R. F. (1973). Rapid detection of Gram-negative bacteriuria by use of the Limulus endotoxin assay. Appl. Microbiol. ,26, 38
Elin, R. J. and Wolff, S. M. (1973). Nonspecificity of the Limulus amebocyte lysate test: positive reactions with polynucleotides and proteins. J. Infect. Dis. ,128, 349
US National Coordinating Committee on Large Volume Parenterals. (1975). Recommended system for surveillance and reporting of problems with large-volume parenterals in hospitals. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. ,32, 1251
Bennett, J. V., Scheckler, W. E., Maki, D. G. et al. (1971). Current national patterns, United States, Proceedings of the International Conference on Nosocomial Infections. (Chicago: American Hospital Association)
Goldmann, D. A., Fulkerson, C. C., Dixon, R. E., Maki, D. G. and Bennett, J. V. (1976). Nationwide epidemic of septicemias caused by contaminated intravenous products. II. Assessment of the problem by a National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. (Submitted for publication)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 MTP Press Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maki, D.G. (1976). Growth properties of microorganisms in infusion fluid and methods of detection. In: Phillips, I., Meers, P.D., D’Arcy, P.F. (eds) Microbiological Hazards of Infusion Therapy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6179-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6179-4_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6181-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6179-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive