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The Use of Biomarkers for Prediction and Prevention of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases

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Neurodegenerative Diseases: Integrative PPPM Approach as the Medicine of the Future

Part of the book series: Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine ((APPPM,volume 2))

Abstract

Among the diverse challenges facing clinicians during the last century, is the staggering increase in the proportion of elderly members, which is directly linked to the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). AD and PD are considered disorders of multifactorial origin, inevitably progressive and having a long preclinical period. At present, clinical diagnosis of AD and PD is based on a constellation of symptoms and manifestations, although the disease originated several years earlier. Therefore, the availability of biological markers or biomarkers (BMs) for early disease diagnosis will impact the management of AD and PD in several dimensions: (a) help to capture high-risk individuals before symptoms develop, a stage where prevention efforts might be expected to have their greatest impact; (b) provide a measure of disease progression that can be evaluated objectively, while clinical measures are much less accurate; (c) help to discriminate between true AD or PD and other causes presenting with a similar clinical syndrome; (d) delineate pathophysiological processes responsible for the disease; (e) determine the clinical efficacy of novel, disease-modifying (neuroprotective) strategies. In the long run the availability of reliable BMs will significantly advance the research and therapeutics of these neurodegenerative diseases. However, at present, the available BMs are of limited value in all these respects. There is an urgent need to further explore this field in order to have validated BMs on hand once neuroprotective interventions become available.

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Abbreviations

A-beta:

Amyloid-beta

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

apoE:

Apolipoprotein E

APP:

Beta amyloid precursor protein

BM:

Biomarker

CDR:

Clinical dementia rating scale

Cho:

Choline

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DA:

Dopamine

DAT:

DA transporter

DLB:

Dementia with Lewy bodies

DSM:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

FDG-PET:

2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET

EEG:

Electroencephalogram

EOAD:

Early onset Alzheimer’s disease

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance

FTD:

Frontotemporal dementia

HFE:

Hemochromatosis gene

ICD:

International classification of diseases

iTRAQ:

Isobaric Tagging for Relative and Absolute protein Quantification

LC:

Locus coeruleus-subcoeruleus complex

LLD:

Late life dementia

LOAD:

Late onset AD

LRRK2:

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2

MALDI TOF/TOF:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer

MAPT:

Microtubule-associated protein tau

MCI:

Mild cognitive impairment

MRI:

Magnetic resonance

MSA:

Multiple system atrophy

NAA:

N-acetyl aspartate

NAA/Cr:

N-acetyl aspartate/creatine

NFT:

Neurofibrillary tangle

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PET:

Photon emission tomography

PIB-PET:

Pittsburgh compound B PET

PPA:

Primary progressive aphasia

PSP:

Progressive supranuclear palsy

PTGD:

Prostaglandin D synthase

REM:

Rapid eye movements

RPH:

Raphe nuclei caudal

SN:

Substantia nigra

SPECT:

Single photon emission computerized tomography

STX1:

Syntaxin-1

SYN1,2:

Synapsin 1,2

SYT1:

Synaptotagmin-1

TCS:

Transcranial sonography

TH:

Tyrosyne-hydroxylase

UCH-L1:

Ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase L1 gene

UPDRS:

Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale

UPS:

Ubiquitin-proteasome system

UPSIT:

University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test

VaD:

Vascular dementia

VMAT:

Vesicle monoamine transporter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

    Silvia Mandel

  2. Tel-Aviv University Medical School, Ramat-Aviv, Israel

    Amos D. Korczyn

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  1. Silvia Mandel
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  2. Amos D. Korczyn
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Correspondence to Silvia Mandel or Amos D. Korczyn .

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  1. , Molecular Pharmacology, Technion, Institute of Technology, Efron, Haifa, 31096, Israel

    Silvia Mandel

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Mandel, S., Korczyn, A.D. (2013). The Use of Biomarkers for Prediction and Prevention of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. In: Mandel, S. (eds) Neurodegenerative Diseases: Integrative PPPM Approach as the Medicine of the Future. Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5866-7_6

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