Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Positive Symptoms and Outcome

  • Conference paper
Negative Versus Positive Schizophrenia

Abstract

The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia have historically been based predominantly on the so-called positive symptoms, i.e., delusions, hallucinations, thought disorganization. This is not to say that the significance of negative symptom psychopathology, i.e., deficits of affect, drive, interest, speech, and thought, has been minimized, but rather less well characterized and understood. Reported differences between positive and negative symptoms in their pharmacologic response (Csernansky et al. 1986; Huber et al. 1980; Johnstone et al. 1983; Kay and Opler 1987) and pathobiologic correlates have been interpreted as evidence that these symptom clusters reflect different pathophysiologic processes or substrates (Andreasen 1982; Andreasen and Olsen 1982; Andreasen et al. 1982; Crow 1980a, b). In addition, follow-up studies indicating that negative symptoms are associated with a more chronic course of illness and poorer outcomes have been taken as evidence that negative symptom psychopathology may reflect a specific subtype of schizophrenia (Carpenter et al. 1988; Crow 1985; Kay et al. 1986; Pogue-Geile and Harrow 1984).

This study was supported by NIMH grant (MH 41646) and a Research Scientist Development Award (MH 00537) to Dr. Lieberman and the Mental Health Clinical Research Center for the Study of Schizophrenia (MH 41960); MRI studies were performed in association with The Brain Morphometry and Image Analysis Center supported by a grant from the Helen and Irving Schneider Family.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andreasen NC (1982) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:784–788

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen NC (1983) The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). University of Iowa, Iowa City

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen NC, Olsen S (1982) Negative vs positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:789–794

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen NC, Olsen SA, Deenert JW, Smith MR (1982) Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: relationship to positive and negative symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 139:297–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Swayze VW II, Tyrrel G, Arndt S (1990) Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A critical reappraisal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:615–621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angrist B, Rotrosen J, Gershon S (1980) Differential effects of amphetamine and neuroleptics on positive vs negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 72:17–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angrist B, Peselow E, Rubinstein M et al. (1982) Partial improvement in negative schizophrenic symptoms after amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 78:128–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G, Alvir JM, Bilder RM, Lieberman JA (1990) Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 35:1–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter WT Jr, Heinrichs DW, Alphs LD (1985) Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull 11:440–452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AMI (1988) Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia. The concept. Am J Psychiatry 145:578–583

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox DR (1970) The analysis of binary data. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox DR (1972) Regression model and life tables. J R Stat Soc [B] 34:187–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow TJ (1980a) Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? Br Med J 280:66–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crow TJ (1980b) Positive and negative symptoms and the role of dopamine. Br J Psychiatry 137:383–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crow TJ (1985) The two-syndrome concept: origins and current status. Schizophr Bull 11:471–486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Csernansky JG, Brown K, Hollister LE (1986) Is there drug treatment for negative schizophrenic symptoms? Hosp Formul 21:790–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Degreef G, Ashtari M, Bogerts B, Bilder RM, Jody DN, Alvir JM, Lieberman JA (1991) Temporal horn volumes measured from magnetic resonance images are correlated with symptoms of schizophrenia (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy W (1976) Clinical global impression scale. In: EDCEU Assessment Manual. US Department of Health Education and Welfare, Washington DC, pp 281–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber G, Gross G, Schüttler R, Linz M (1980) Longitudinal studies of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Bull 6:592–605

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Ferrier IN et al. (1983) Adverse effects of anticholinergic medication on positive schizophrenic symptoms. Psychol Med 13:513–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay SR, Opler LA (1987) The positive-negative dimension in schizophrenia: its validity and significance. Psychiatr Dev 2:79–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Lindenmayer JP, Opler LA (1986) Positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia as a function of chronicity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 74:507–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewine RRJ (1981) Sex differences in schizophrenia: timing or subtypes? Psychol Bull 90:432–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Gadaletta D, Ramos-Lorenz J, Bergmann K, Wegner J, Novacenko H (1985) Methylphenidate challenge tests and course of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 21 (1) : 123–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman J, Jody D, Geisler S, Vital-Herne J, Alvir J, Walsleben J, Woerner M (1989) Treatment outcome of first-episode schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 25:92–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman J, Jody D, Alvir J, Ashtari M, Levy D, Bogerts B, Degreef G, Cooper T, Novacenko H (1991a) Brain morphology, dopamine and eye movement function in first episode schizophrenia (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman J, Jody D, Geisler S, Szymanski S, Alvir J, Woerner M, Borenstein M (1991b) Time course and biologic correlates of treatment response in first episode schizophrenia (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan TH, Bardenstein KK (1990) Gender differences in affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Bull 16(2):312–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogue-Geile MF, Harrow M (1984) Negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia and depression: a follow up. Schizophr Bull 10:371–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeman MV (1986) Current outcome in schizophrenia: women vs men. Acta Psychiatr Scand 73(6):609–617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson GM, Angus JWS (1970) A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Suppl] 212:11–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson GM, Lee JH, Zoubek B et al. (1979) A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 64:171–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer RL, Endicott J (1977) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (SADS), 3rd edn. NY State Psychiatric Institute Biometrics Division, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer RL, Endicott J (1978) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia-change version, 3rd edn. NY State Psychiatric Institute Biometrics Division, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer RL, Endicott JE, Robins E (1978) Research diagnostic criteria for a selected group of functional disorders, 3rd edn. NY State Psychiatric Institute Biometrics Research, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hillside Hospital, Division of Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 75-59 263 St., Glen Oaks, NY, 11004, USA

    J. A. Lieberman, D. Jody, J. M. J. Alvir, M. Borenstein, D. I. Mayerhoff, S. Geisler, S. Szymanski, A. Gonzales & M. Ashtari

  2. Psychiatrische Klinik, Universität Düsseldorf, Bergische Landstraße 2, W-4000, Düsseldorf, Germany

    B. Bogerts

Authors
  1. J. A. Lieberman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Jody
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. M. J. Alvir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Borenstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D. I. Mayerhoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. Geisler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. S. Szymanski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. A. Gonzales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. B. Bogerts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. M. Ashtari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, W-5300, Bonn, Germany

    Andreas Marneros

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IO, 52242, USA

    Nancy C. Andreasen MD., Ph. D.

  3. Harvard Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Brockton/West Roxbury VA Medical Center, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA, 02401, USA

    Ming T. Tsuang MD., Ph. D., D. Sc.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Lieberman, J.A. et al. (1991). Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Positive Symptoms and Outcome. In: Marneros, A., Andreasen, N.C., Tsuang, M.T. (eds) Negative Versus Positive Schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76841-5_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76841-5_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76843-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76841-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation