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Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Abstract:

Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) can profoundly affect animal physiology and behavior. Over the past 20 years, the genes that encode OT and VP, as well as their respective receptors, have been identified and intensively studied leading to a greater understanding of the hormones’ functions. The use of transgenic animals, including knockout mice, and viral vectors have opened new vistas of research on the behavioral roles of OT and VP. In this chapter, we briefly review the history and the evolutionary origins of OT and VP, as well as their structures, regulation, and neuroanatomy. Finally, we highlight recently explored roles for OT and VP in physiology and behavior.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    aVasopressin is not found in some marsupials, pigs, and some other mammals

  2. 2.

    bVasotocin is the progenitor of the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones. Only vasotocin is found in hagfish and lampreys

  3. 3.

    cOxytocin is also found in some marsupials (Agnatha appeared 500 million years ago)

  4. 4.

    aOffical gene symbol

  5. 5.

    bNumber of amino acids in the preprohormone for vasopressin and oxytocin

  6. 6.

    cAvailable at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/index.html

  7. 7.

    dDual angiotensin II/vasopressin receptor

  8. 8.

    eVasopressin‐activated calcium‐mobilizing receptor protein (VACM‐1; Cullin‐5)

  9. 9.

    When anxiety is mentioned in relation to animals, one is really referring to behaviors that are affected with a similar rank order of potency by agents (“anxiolytics”) that are used to treat anxiety in humans. Similar caveats are applied when anthropomorphizing any human mental disturbance.

Abbreviations

ACTH:

adrenocorticotropic hormone

AH:

anterior hypothalamus

AP‐2:

activator protein‐2

ATF‐2:

activating transcription factor‐2

AVT:

arginine vasotocin

BNST:

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

CeM:

central amygdala

CNS:

central nervous system

CRF:

corticotropin releasing factor

DAG:

diacylglycerol

ERE:

estrogen response element

GRE:

glucocorticoid response element

ICV:

intracerebroventricularly

IGR:

intergenic region

IP3 :

1,4,5 inositol triphosphate

LS:

lateral septum

MeA:

medial amygdala

MPOA:

medial preoptic area

MPOA‐AH:

medial preoptic area‐anterior hypothalamus

OT:

oxytocin

OTKO:

oxytocin knockout

OTR:

oxytocin receptor

PIP2 :

phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate

PLC:

phospholipase C

PVN:

paraventricular nucleus

SCN:

suprachiasmatic nucleus

SON:

supraoptic nucleus

V1aR:

vasopressin 1a receptor

V1aRKO:

vasopressin 1a receptor knockout

V1bR:

vasopressin 1b receptor

V1bRKO:

vasopressin 1b receptor knockout

VACM‐1:

vasopressin‐activated calcium‐mobilizing receptor

VLH:

ventrolateral hypothalamus

VMH:

ventromedial hypothalamus

VP:

vasopressin

VP‐ir:

vasopressin immunoreactivity

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to those who took the time to offer suggestions on this manuscript including, H. Elliott Albers, Harold Gainer, Karen Gamble, Heon‐Jin Lee, Emily Shepard, Suwit Somponpun, Jennifer Temple, and Scott Wersinger. Research was supported in part by NIMH Intramural Research Program (ZOI‐MH‐002498‐16).

Authors
  1. H. K. Caldwell
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  2. W. S. Young III
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, 10962, Orangeburg, Newyork, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Department of Neurology (Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology), University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical Center, 52242, lowa, lowa, USA

    Ramon Lim

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Caldwell, H.K., Young, W.S. (2006). Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications. In: Lajtha, A., Lim, R. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30381-9_25

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