Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Weber WA, Avril N, Schwaiger M. Relevance of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Oncology. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 1999;175:356–373.
Pelizzari CA, Chen GTY, Spelbring DR, Weichselbaum RR, Chen C-T. Accurate three-dimensional registration of CT, PET, and/or MRI images of the brain. J Comp Assist Tomogr 1989;13:20–26.
Woods RP, Mazziotta JC, Cherry SR. MRI-PET registration with automated algorithm. J Comp Assist Tomogr 1993;17:536–46.
Pietrzyk U, Herholz K, Heiss W-D. Three-dimensional alignment of functional and morphological tomograms. J Comp Assist Tomogr 1990;14:51–59.
Wahl RL, Quint LE, Cieslak RD, Aisen AM, Koeppe RA, Meyer CR. “Anatometabolic” tumor imaging: Fusion of FDG PET with CT or MRI to localize foci of increased activity. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1190–1197.
Tai YC, Lin KP, Hoh CK, Huang H, Hoffman EJ. Utilization of 3-D elastic transformation in the registration of chest X-ray CT and Whole Body PET. IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 1997;44:1606–1612.
Yu JN, Fahey FH, Harkness BA, Gage HD, Eades CG, Keyes JW. Evaluation of emission-transmission registration in thoracic PET. J Nucl Med 1994;35:1777–1780.
Cai J, Chu JCH, Recine D, Sharma M, Nguyen C, Rodebaugh R, et al. CT and PET lung image registration and fusion in radiotherapy treatment planning using the Chamfer-matching method. Int J Rad Onc Bio Phys 1999;43:883–891.
Slomka P, Dey D, Przetak C, Baum R. Nonlinear image registration of thoracic FDG PET and CT. J Nucl Med 2001;42:11P.
Hasegawa B, Stebler B, Rutt B, Martinez A, Gingold E, Faulkner K, et al. A Prototype High-Purity Germanium Detector System with Fast Photon-Counting Electronics for Medical Imaging. Med Phys 1991;18:900–909.
Lang TF, Hasegawa BH, Liew SC, Brown JK, Blankespoor SC, Reilly SM. Description of a prototype emission-transmission computed tomography imaging system. J Nucl Med 1992;33:1881–1887.
Hasegawa BH, Lang TF, Brown JK, Gingold EL, Susan MR, Blankespoor SC, et al. Object-specific attenuation correction of SPECT with correlated dual-energy X-ray CT. IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 1993;40:1242–1252.
Blankespoor SC, Wu X, Kalki K, Brown JK, Tang HR, Chan CE, et al. Attenuation correction of SPECT using X-ray CT on an emission-transmission CT system: Myocardial perfusion assessment. IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 1996;43:2263–2274.
Hammer B, Christensen N, BG BH. Use of a magnetic field to increase the spatial resolution of positron emission tomography. Med Phys 1994;21:1917–1920.
Christensen N, Hammer B, Heil B, Fetterly K. Positron emission tomography within a magnetic field using photomultiplier tubes and lightguides. Phys Med Biol 1995;40:691–697.
Shao Y, Cherry SR, Farahani K, Slates R, Silverman RW, Meadors K, et al. Development of a PET detector system compatible with MRI/NMR systems. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Sciences 1997;44:1167–1171.
Shao Y, Cherry S, Farahani K, Slates R, Silverman R, K KM. Development of a PET detector system compatible with MRI/NMR systems. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1997;44:1167–1171.
Slates R, Farahani K, Yiping S, Marsden P, Taylor J, Summers P. A study of artefacts in simultaneous PET and MR imaging using a prototype MR compatible PET scanner. Phys Med Biol 1999;44:2015–2027.
Slates R, Cherry S, Boutefnouchet A, Shao Y, Dahlbom M, Farahani K. Design of a small animal MR compatible PET scanner. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1999;46:565–570.
Bailey DL, Young H, Bloomfield PM, Meikle SR, Glass D, Myers MJ, et al. ECAT ART — A continuously rotating PET camera: Performance characteristics, initial clinical studies and installation considerations in a nuclear medicine department. Eur J Nucl Med 1997;24:6–25.
Townsend DW, Beyer T, Jerin J, Watson CC, Young J, Nutt R. The ECAT ART scanner for Positron Emission Tomography: 1. Improvements in performance characteristics. Clin Pos Imag 1999;2:5–15.
Beyer T, Townsend DW, Brun T, Kinahan PE, Charron M, Roddy R, et al. A combined PET/CT tomograph for clinical oncology. J Nucl Med 2000;41:1369–1379.
Comtat C, Kinahan P, Defrise M, Michel C, Townsend D. Fast reconstruction of 3D PET data with accurate statistical modeling. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1998;45:1083–1089.
Charron M, Beyer T, Bohnen NN, Kinahan PE, Dachille M, Jerin J, et al. Image analysis in patients with cancer studied with a combined PET and CT scanner. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 2000;25:905–910.
Kluetz PG, Meltzer CC, Villemagne MD, Kinahan PE, Chander S, Martinelly MA, et al. Combined PET/CT imaging in oncology: Impact on patient management. Clin Pos Imag 2001;3:1–8.
Bradley JD, Perez CA, Dehdashti F, Siegel BA. Implementing Biologic Target Volumes in Radiation Treatment Planning fot Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Nucl Med 2004;45:96S–101S.
Schulthess GKv. Cost considerations regarding an integrated CT-PET system. Eur Rad 2000;10:S377–S380.
Kinahan PE, Townsend DW, Beyer T, Sashin D. Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/CT scanner. Med Phys 1998;25:2046–2053.
LaCroix KJ, Tsui BMW, Hasegawa BH, Brown JK. Investigantion of the use of X-ray CT images for attenuation correction in SPECT. IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 1994;41:2793–2799.
Tang HR, Brown JK, Silva AJD, Matthay KK, Price D, Huberty JP, et al. Implementation of a combined X-ray CT scintillation camera imaging system for localizing and measuring radionuclide uptake: Experiments in phantoms and patients. IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 1999;46:551–557.
Fleming JS. A technique for using CT images in attenuation correction and quantification in SPECT. Nuclear Medicine Communications 1989;10:83–97.
Beyer T, Townsend D, Blodgett T. Dual-modality PET/CT tomography for clinical oncology. Quart J Nucl Med 2002;46:24–34.
Burger C, Goerres G, Schoenes S, Buck A, Lonn AHR, Schulthess GKv. PET attenuation coefficients from CT images: experimental evaluation of the transformation of CT into PET 511-keV attenuation coefficients. Eur J Nucl Med 2002;29:922–927.
Smith RJ, Joel SS K, Muehllehner G, Gualtieri E, Benard F. Singles transmission scans performed post-injection for quantitative whole body PET imaging. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Sciences 1997;44:1329–1335.
Watson CC, Jones WF, Brun T, Veigneur K. Design and performance of a single photon transmission measurement for the ECAT ART. In: IEEE Medical Imaging Conference; 1997; Albuquerque; 1997.
Halpern B, Dahlbom M, Waldherr C, Quon A, Schiepers C, Silverman D, et al. A new time-saving whole-body protocol for PET/CT imaging. Molecular Imaging and Biology 2003;5:182.
Welch A, Campbell C, Clackdoyle R, Natterer F, Hudson M, Bromiley A, et al. Attenuation correction in PET using consistency information. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1998;45:3124–3141.
Bromiley A, Welch A, Chilcott F, Waikar S, McCallum S, Dodd M, et al. Attenuation correction in PET using considtency conditions and a three-dimensional template. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2001;48:1371–1377.
Antoch G, Freudenberg LS, Egelhof T, Stattaus J, Jentzen W, Debatin JF, et al. Focal Tracer Uptake: A Potential Artefact in Contrast-Enhanced Dual-Modality PET/CT Scans. J Nucl Med 2002;43:1339–1342.
Dizendorf E, Hany TF, Buck A, von Schulthess GK, Burger C. Cause and Magnitude of the Error Induced by Oral CT Contrast Agent in CT-Based Attenuation Correction of PET Emission Studies. J Nucl Med 2003;44:732–738.
Townsend D. A combined PET/CT scanner: The choices. J Nucl Med 2001;43:533–534.
Brix G, Zaers J, Adam L-E, Bellemann ME, Ostertag H, Trojan H, et al. Performance evaluation of a whole-body PET scanner using the NEMA protocol. J Nucl Med 1997;38:1614–1623.
Comtat C, Kinahan PE, Fessler JA, Beyer T, Townsend DW, Defrise M, et al. Reconstruction of 3D whole-body PET data using blurred anatomical labels. In: IEEE Medical Imaging Conference; 1998; Toronto; 1998.
Meltzer C, Martinelli M, Beyer T. Whole-body FDG PET imaging in the abdomen: value of combined PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2001;42:35P.
Meltzer C, Snyderman C, Fukui M, Bascom D, Chander S, Johnson J, et al. Combined FDG PET/CT imaging in head and neck cancer: impact on patient management. J Nucl Med 2001;42:36P.
Townsend D, Beyer T, Blodgett TM. PET/CT scanners: A hardware approach to image fusion. Semin Nucl Med 2003;XXXIII:193–204.
McCollough CH, Zink FE. Performance evaluation of a multi-slice CT system. Med Phys 1999;26:2223–2230.
Roos JF, Desbiolles LM, Willmann JK, Weishaupt D, Marincek B, Hilfiker PR. Multidetector-row helical CT: analysis of time management and workflow. Eur Rad 2002;12:680–685.
Itoh S, Ikeda M, Achiwa M, Ota T, Satake H, Ishigaki T. Multiphase contrast-enhanced CT of the liver with a multislice CT scanner. Eur Rad 2003;13:1085–1094.
Cho Z, Farukhi M. Bismuth germanate as a potential scintillation detector in positron cameras. J Nucl Med 1977;18:840–844.
Takagi K, Fukazawa T. Cerium-activated Gd2SiO5 single crystal scintillator. App Phys Lett 1983;42:43–45.
Melcher CL, Schweitzer JS. Cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate: A fast, efficient new scintillator. IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 1992;39:502–504.
Strother SC, Casey ME, Hoffman EJ. Measuring PET scanner sensitivity: Relating countrates to image Signal-to-Noise Ratios using Noise Equivalent Counts. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Sciences 1990;37:763–788.
Bruckbauer T, Casey M, Valk PE, Rao J, Finley BR, Farboud B. Optimizing 3D whole body acquisition for oncologic imaging on the ECAT ACCEL LSO PET system. In: EANM; 2001; Naples; 2001. p. OS–405.
Bendriem B, Townsend D. The theory and practice of 3D PET. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998.
Beyer T, Kuehl H, Stattaus J, DiFilippo F, Schöder H, Roberts F, et al. Respiration artefacts in whole-body studies with 2nd and 3rd generation PET/CT systems employing multi-row CT technology. J Nucl Med 2004;45:P.
Bettinardi V, Danna M, Savi A, Lecchi M, Castiglioni I, Gilardi MC, et al. Performance evaluation of the new whole-body PET/CT scanner: Discovery ST. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2004;Feb 10.
Beyer T, Townsend DW, Nutt R, Charron M, Kinahan PE, Meltzer CC. Combined PET/CT imaging using a single, dual-modality tomograph: a promising approach to clinical oncology of the future. In: Wieler HJ and Coleman RE, editors. PET in Clinical Oncology. Darmstadt: Steinkopff; 2000. p. 101–124.
Beyer T, Antoch G, Freudenberg TS, Egelhof T, Müller SP. Considerations on FDG-PET/CT imaging protocols. J Nucl Med 2004;45:25S–35S.
Antoch G, Freudenberg LS, Beyer T, Bockisch A, Debatin JF. To enhance or not to enhance? 18F-FDG and CT contrast agents in dual-modality 18F-0FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2004;45:56S–65S.
Goerres GW, Kamel E, Heidelberg T-NH, Schwitter MR, Burger C, Schulthess GKv. PET-CT image co-registration in the thorax: influence of respiration. Eur J Nucl Med 2002;29:351–360.
Osman MM, Cohade C, Nakamoto Y, Wahl RL. Respiratory motion artefacts on PET emission images obtained using CT attenuation correction on PET-CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:603–606.
Goerres GW, Kamel E, Seifert B, Burger C, Buck A, Hany TF, et al. Accuracy of image coregistration of pulmonary lesions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer using an integrated PET/CT system. J Nucl Med 2002;43:1469–1475.
Goerres GW, Burger C, Schwitter MR, Heidelberg T-NH, Seifert B, Schulthess GKv. PET/CT of the abdomen: optimizing the patient breathing pattern. Eur Rad 2003;13:734–739.
Beyer T, Antoch G, Blodgett T, Freudenberg L, Akhurst T, Mueller S. Dual-modality PET/CT imaging: the effect of respiratory motion on combined image quality in clinical oncology. Eur J Nucl Med 2003;30:588–596.
Osman MM, Cohade C, Nakamoto Y, Marshall LT, Leal JP, Wahl RL. Clinically Significant Inaccurate Localization of Lesions with PET/CT: Frequency in 300 Patients. J Nucl Med 2003;44:240–243.
Beyer T, Antoch G, Muller S, Egelhof T, Freudenberg LS, Debatin J, et al. Acquisition Protocol Considerations for Combined PET/CT Imaging. J Nucl Med 2004;45:25S–35.
Nehmeh SA, Erdi YE, Kalaigian H, Kolbert KS, Pan T, Yeung H, et al. Correction for Oral Contrast Artefacts in CT Attenuation-Corrected PET Images Obtained by Combined PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2003;44:1940–1944.
Dizendorf EV, Treyer V, von Schulthess GK, Hany TF. Application of Oral Contrast Media in Coregistered Positron Emission Tomography-CT. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2002;179:477–481.
Carney J, Beyer T, Brasse D, Yap J, Townsend D. Clinical PET/CT scanning using oral CT contrast agents. J Nucl Med 2002;43:57P.
Carney J, Townsend D. CT-based attenuation correction for PET/CT scanners. In: Schultess Gv, editor. Clinical PET, PET/CT and SPECT/CT: Combined Anatomic-Molecular Imaging: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2002.
Antoch B, Kuehl H, Kanja J, Lauenstein T, Schneemann H, Hauth E, et al. Introduction and evaluation of a negative oral contrast agent to avoid contrast-induced artefacts in dual-modality PET/CT imaging. Radiology (to appear) 2004.
Beyer T, Antoch G, Rosenbaum S, Freudenberg L, Fehlings T, Stattaus J. Optimized IV contrast administration protocols for diagnostic PET/CT imaging. Eur Rad 2004;14:422–423.
Duerinckx AJ, Macovski A. Polychromatic streak artefacts in computed tomography images. J Comp Assist Tomogr 1978;2:481–487.
deMan B, Nuyts J, Dupont P, Marchal G, Suetens P. Metal streak artefacts in X-ray Computed Tomography: A simulation study. IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 1999;46:691–696.
Bujenovic S, Mannting F, Chakrabarti R, Ladnier D. Artefactual 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose localization surrounding metallic objects in a PET/CT scanner using CT-based attenuation correction. Molecular Imaging and Biology 2003;5:20–22.
Kamel EM, Burger C, Buck A, Schluthess GKv, Goerres GW. Impact of metallic dental implants on CT-based attenuation correction in a combined PET/CT scanner. Eur Rad 2002;13:724–728.
Goerres GW, Ziegler SI, Burger C, Berthold T, von Schulthess GK, Buck A. Artefacts at PET and PET/CT Caused by Metallic Hip Prosthetic Material. Radiol 2003;226:577–584.
Glover GH, Pelc NJ. An algorithm for the reduction of metal clip artefacts in CT reconstructions. Med Phys 1981;8:799–807.
Carney JP, Townsend DW, Kinahan PE, Beyer T, Kalender WA, Kachelriess M, et al. CT-based attenuation correction: The effects of imaging with the arms in the field of view. J Nucl Med 2001;42:56–57P.
Schaller S, Semrbitzki O, Beyer T, Fuchs T, Kachelriess M, Flohr T. An algorithm for virtual extension of the CT field of measurement for application in combined PET/CT scanners. Radiol 2002;225(P):497.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Townsend, D.W., Beyer, T. (2005). Anato-Molecular Imaging: Combining Structure and Function. In: Bailey, D.L., Townsend, D.W., Valk, P.E., Maisey, M.N. (eds) Positron Emission Tomography. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-007-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-007-9_8
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-798-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-007-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)