Skip to main content
Log in

Resetting the rules of the game: Language preferences and social relations of work between Russian immigrants and veteran professionals in an Israeli organization

  • Articles
  • Published:
Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale Aims and scope Submit manuscript

“They keep speaking Russian as if they never left Russia or Ukraine—as if Israel is one of the Soviet republics, or its remote cultural province... Kind of a Big Brother attitude you know... They deem themselves as ‘cultured Europeans’ while we are ‘primitive Asians’... If they look down at us then why indeed should they try and switch into Hebrew?” Liora, Israeli-born senior lab technician

Abstract

Workplace is the main site of the cross-cultural encounter between majority and minority groups in multicultural societies, yet there is paucity of research on workplace language practices and their influence on the social relations of work. The current qualitative study focused on the patterns of language use and their links to social identities, inter-group attitudes and work relations between recent immigrants and veteran employees in a white-collar organization in Central Israel. On-site observations and interviews with the workers—Israeli-born, veteran Soviet immigrants of the 1970s, and recent arrivals—were conducted in Hebrew and in Russian. The findings indicate that language use indeed serves as the key marker of social identity and signifier of work status and group boundaries. The common use of Russian by recent immigrants is a trigger of conflict and mutual antagonism, as Hebrew-speakers perceive it as a sign of their separatism and anti-Israeli outlook.

Résumé

Dans les sociétés multiculturelles, les rencontres interculturelles entre les membres de la majorité et ceux des groupes minoritaires se produisent principalement en milieu de travail. Pourtant, peu de recherches ont été entreprises pour connaître les pratiques linguistiques dans ces milieux et leur influence sur les relations sociales. Cette étude qualitative a porté sur les modèles globaux de l’usage linguistique et leur rapport aux identités sociales, aux attitudes intergroupes et aux relations de travail entre de nouveaux immigrants et des employés chevronnés au sein d’un organisme de col blanc en Israël central. Nous avons fait des observations sur les lieux et des entrevues en hébreu et en russe avec les travailleurs—certains nés en Israël d’immigrants soviétiques des années 1970, d’autres récemment arrivés. Les résultats indiquent que les pratiques linguistiques servent effectivement de marqueurs d’identité sociale, de situation relative à l’emploi et de frontières intergroupes. L’emploi du russe par les immigrants nouvellement arrivés est un élément déclencheur de conflits et d’antagonisme mutuel, les locuteurs hébreux percevant cette pratique comme une manifestation d’une attitude séparatiste et anti-israélienne.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Austers, I. (2002). Attribution of value stereotypes as a consequence of group membership: Latvian and Russian students living in Latvia compared. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(3): 273–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre, A. (2003). Linguistic diversity in the workforce: understanding social relations in the workplace. Sociological Focus, 36(1): 65–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amason, P., Allen, M and Holmes, S. (1999). Social support and acculturative stress in the multicultural workplace. Journal of Applied Communication Research 27: 310–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Tal, D. (1997). Formation and change of ethnic and national stereotypes: an integrative model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 21(4): 491–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Rafael, Eliezer (1994). Language, Identity and Social Division: The Case of Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, Olshtain, Elite and Geijst, Idit. (1998). Identity and language: The social insertion of Soviet Jews in Israel. In J.T. Shuval and E. Leshem (Eds), Immigration to Israel: Sociological Perspectives (pp. 333–356). Studies of Israeli Society, Vol. VIII. New Brunswick and London: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, J.H. and Shuval, J.T. (1998). The occupational integration of former Soviet physicians in Israel. Social Science and Medicine 47(6): 809–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CBS, 2000. Statistical Abstract of Israel, 1999. Jerusalem: Central Statistical Bureau of Israel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagchi, A.D. (1999). Making Connections: A Study of the Social Network of Immigrant Professionals. University of Wisconsin at Madison Dissertation abstracts International (The Humanities & Social Sciences), 60(6).

  • Bond, M.H. and Pyle, J. (1998). The ecology of diversity in organizational settings: Lessons from a case study. Human Relations 51: 589–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemers, M.M., Oskamp, S. and Costanzo, M.A. (Eds) (1995). Diversity in Organizations: New Perspectives for a Changing Workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crabtree, B.F. and Miller, W.L. (1992). A template approach to text analysis: developing and using codebooks. In B.F. Crabtree and W.L. Miller (Eds) Doing Qualitative Research (pp. 93–109). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donitsa-Schmidt, Smadar (1999). Language Maintenance or Shift: Language Preferences among Former Soviet Immigrants in Israel. Ph.D. Thesis. Tel Aviv University, School of Education.

  • Dutton, G. (1998). One workplace, many languages. Management Review 87:42–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, Alek and Kheimets, Nina (2000a). Immigrant Intelligentsia and its Second Generation: Cultural Segregation as a Road to Social Integration? Journal of International Migration and Integration (JIMI/RIMI) 1(4): 461–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, Alek and Kheimets, Nina (2000b). Cultural clash and educational diversity: Immigrant teachers’ efforts to rescue the education of immigrant children in Israel. International Studies in Sociology of Education 10(2): 191–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fasold, R. (1990). The Sociolinguistics of Language. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, Joshua (1977). Language and Ethnicity. In: H. Giles (Ed.), Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations (pp. 15–57). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, Howard, Bourhis, Richard, and Taylor, Donald M. (1977). Toward a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In H. Giles (Ed), Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations (pp. 307–348). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, Howard and Johnson, Paul (1987). Ethno-linguistic identity theory: a social psychological approach to language maintenance. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 68:69–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glinert, Larry H. (1995). Inside the language planner’s head: Tactical responses to a mass immigration. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 16(5): 351–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, Erving (1981). Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Penunsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, Steven (1997). Perspectives on becoming an American among Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Israel. The Centennial Review, 41(3): 645–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horenczyk, G. (1997). Immigrants’ perceptions of host attitudes and their reconstruction of cultural groups. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46(1): 34–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, T. (1999). Integration or separatism? In: T. Horowitz, (Ed) Children of Perestroika in Israel. Hartford, CT: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. (Ed) (1991). Professions and the State: Expertise and Autonomy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasinitz, Philip, Zeltzer-Zubida, Aviva, and Simakhodskaya, Zoya (2001). The Next Generation: Russian Jewish Young Adults in Contemporary New York. NY: Russell Sage Foundation, Working Paper, No 178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, C., Sachdev, I., Kottsieper, P., and Ingram, M. (1993). The role of social identity in secondlanguage proficiency and use: testing the inter-group model. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12: 288–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kheimets, Nina and Epstein, Alek (2001). English as a central component of success in the professional and social integration of immigrant scientists in Israel. Language in Society 30(2): 187–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leshem, Elazar and Lissak, Moshe (1999). Development and consolidation of the Russian community in Israel. In: S. Weil (Ed.) Roots and Routs: Ethnicity and Migration in Global Perspective (pp. 136–171). Jerusalem: Magnes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macias, R. (1997). Bilingual workers and language use rules in the workplace: A case study of a nondiscriminatory language policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 127: 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGroarty, M.E. (1990). Bilingualism in the workplace. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 511: 159–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montreuil, A. and Bourhis, R.Y. (2001). Majority acculturation orientations toward “valued” and “devalued” immigrants. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(6): 698–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macias, Reynaldo (1997). Bilingual workers and language use rules in the workplace: a case study in nondiscriminatory language policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 127: 53–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menachem, Gila and Gajst, Idith (2000) Language and Occupation among Soviet immigrants to Israel in the 1990s. In E. Olshtain and G. Horencyk (Eds), Language, Identity and Immigration (301–324). Jerusalem: Magnus Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olshtain, Elite and Kotik, Bella (2000). The development of bilingualism in an immigrant community. In E. Olshtain and G. Horenczyk (Eds.), Language Identity and Immigration (pp. 201–217). Jerusalem: Magnes Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parliman, G. C. and Shoeman, R.J. (1994). National origin discrimination or employer prerogative? An analysis of language rights in the workplace. Employee Relations Law Journal 19(4): 551–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitz, J. (2001). Immigrant success in the “knowledge economy”: Institutional change and the immigrant experience in Canada, 1970–1995. Journal of Social Issues 57(3): 579–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remennick, L. and Shtarkshall, R. (1997). Technology versus responsibility: Immigrant physicians from the former Soviet Union reflect on Israeli health care. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 38: 191–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remennick, L. (2002). Survival of the fittest: Russian immigrant teachers speak about their professional adjustment in Israel. International Migration 40(1): 99–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remennick, L. (2003a). Career continuity among immigrant professionals: Russian engineers in Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29(4): 701–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remennick, L. (2003b). What does ‘integration’ mean? Social insertion of Russian immigrants in Israel. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 4(1): 23–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remennick, L. (2003c). Language acquisition as the main vehicle of social integration: Russian immigrants of the 1990s in Israel. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 164: 83–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remennick, L. (2004). From Russian to Hebrew via HebRush: intergenerational patterns of language use among Former Soviet immigrants in Israel. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24(5): 431–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sicron, M. (1998). Social capital of recent Russian immigrants and the process of their occupational integration. In: Sicron, M. and Leshem, E. (Eds) The Social Profile of the Immigrant Wave. The Integration Process of the Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Israel, 1990–1995 (pp. 127–179). Jerusalem: Magnes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spolsky, Bernard and Shohamy, Ilana (1999). The Languages of Israel: Policy, Ideology and Practice. Multilingual Matters Series. London: Clevedon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinbach, A. (2001). Intergenerational transmission and integration of repatriate families from the former Soviet Union to Germany. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 32(4): 505–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stier, H. and Levanon, V. (2003). Finding an adequate job: employment and income of recent immigrants to Israel. International Migration, 41(2): 81–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1989). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yelenevskaya Maria N. and Fialkova L. (2003). From ‘muteness’ to eloquence: immigrants’ narratives about languages. Language Awareness 12(1): 30–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuk-yue Tong, Ying-yi Hong, Sau-lai Lee, and Chi-yue Chiu (1999). Language use as a carrier of social identity. International Journal of Interculatural Relations, 23(2): 281–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zilberg, Narspy (2000). The Russian Jewish intelligentsia in Israel: the search for models of intern

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Remennick, L. Resetting the rules of the game: Language preferences and social relations of work between Russian immigrants and veteran professionals in an Israeli organization. Int. Migration & Integration 6, 1–28 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-005-1000-y

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-005-1000-y

Key words

Mots-clefs

Navigation