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Evolutionary analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) indicates an ancient origin for its current strains and a worldwide dispersion

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Abstract

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus that was identified in the United States in 2016. Since its first identification, PCV3 has been identified in Brazil, China, United States, Poland, and Republic of Korea. In this study, we used molecular phylogenetic analysis of available sequences to address questions surrounding the emergence of PCV3 in porcine world industry. Our data indicate that PCV3 did not emerge through recombination events among currently known circoviruses and that its speciation is not a recent evolutionary event. The most common recent ancestor analysis suggests that PCV3 lineages have emerged over the past 50 years. PCV3 is not genetically closely related with other Porcine circovirus and it has been evolving undetected for some time in swine and probably in bovine population. We also found groups of genetically related isolates of PCV3 originated from different countries that may be associated with dispersal routes, suggesting that PCV3 has already been circulating in pig-producing countries for some time before its first detection.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Srinand Sreevatsan (Professor of College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University) for his critical reading of the manuscript and comments. We are grateful to the Núcleo de Análises de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol) of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa for providing the facilities for the data analysis. The authors also acknowledge the financial support provided by the following Brazilian agencies: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), and Sistema Nacional de Laboratórios em Nanotecnologias (SisNANO)/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Informação (MCTI).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil

      Giuliana Loreto Saraiva, Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto, Gustavo Costa Bressan & Márcia Rogéria de Almeida

    2. Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil

      Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal

    3. Laboratório de Virologia Animal e Imunobiológicos, Departamento de Veterinária da, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil

      Abelardo Silva Júnior

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    Giuliana Loreto Saraiva and Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal have equally contributed to this paper.

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    Saraiva, G.L., Vidigal, P.M.P., Fietto, J.L.R. et al. Evolutionary analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) indicates an ancient origin for its current strains and a worldwide dispersion. Virus Genes 54, 376–384 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-018-1545-4

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