Abstract
We investigated the psychometric properties of a new instrument, the Children’s Worry Management Scale (CWMS). The CWMS has three subscales that specify methods of regulating worry: inhibition (the suppression of worry), dysregulation (exaggerated displays of worry), and coping (constructive ways of managing worry). Using a Caucasian, middle-class sample of 214 children (M = 9 years, 1 month), Study 1 provides reliability and validity data through patterns of correlations to parent- and child-completed measures of emotion management and behavioral problems. Internal consistencies range from .69 to .74. Study 2 establishes discriminant validity by demonstrating that the CWMS Dysregulation and Coping subscales differentiated, in the expected directions, between a group of children (n = 27) with DSM-IV anxiety diagnoses and a control group of children with no psychological disorders.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
Albano, A. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). Clinician manual for the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV-child version. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
Arrindell, W. A., & van der Ende, J. (1985). An empirical test of the utility of the observations-to-variables ratio in factor and components analysis. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 165–178.
Barrios, B. A., & Hartmann, D. B. (1997). Fears and anxieties. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Assessment of childhood disorders (3rd ed., pp. 230–327). New York: Guilford.
Bell-Dolan, D. J., Last, C. G., & Strauss, C. D. (1990). Symptoms of anxiety disorders in normal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 759–765.
Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DuPree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry some characteristics and processes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 21, 9–16.
Bradley, S. (2000). Affect regulation and the development of psychopathology. New York: Guilford.
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2000). Gender, emotion, and expression. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 338–349). NY: Guilford.
Browne, M. W. (1968). A comparison of factor analytic techniques. Psychometrika, 33, 267–334.
Campos, J. J., Mumme, D. L., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. G. (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 284–305.
Cassano, M., Zeman, J., & Perry-Parrish, C. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children’s sadness regulation. Social Development, 16, 210–231.
Cattell, R. B., & Jaspers, J. A. (1967). A general plasmode for factor analytic exercises and research. Multivariate Behavior Research Monographs, 67, 1–211.
Chambers, C. T., & Johnston, C. (2002). Developmental differences in children’s use of rating scales. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 27–36.
Chorpita, B., Tracey, S., Brown, T., Collica, T., & Barlow, D. (1997). Assessment of worry in children and adolescents: An adaptation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 569–581.
Cicchetti, D., Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 1–10.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319.
Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & O’Donnell-Teti, L. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 73–100.
Eisen, A. R., & Engler, L. B. (1995). Chronic anxiety. In A. R. Eisen, C. A. Kearney, & C. A. Schaefer (Eds.), Clinical handbook of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 223–250). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T., Fabes, R., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A., Shepard, S., et al. (2004). The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children’s resiliency and adjustment. Child Development, 75, 25–46.
Hagglund, K. J., Clay, D. L., Frank, R. G., & Beck, N. C. (1994). Assessing anger expression in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 19, 291–304.
Ialongo, N., Edelsohn, G., & Kellam, S. (2001). A further look at the prognostic power of young children’s reports of depressed mood and feelings. Child Development, 72, 736–747.
Izard, C. (2009). Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues. The Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 1–25.
Kendall, P. C., & Suveg, C. (2006). Treating anxiety disorders in youth. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy (3rd ed., pp. 235–287). New York: Guilford.
Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. Psychological Reports, 3, 635–694.
March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.
McAuliffe, M. D., Hubbard, J. A., Rubin, R. M., Morrow, M. T., & Dearing, K. F. (2007). Reactive and proactive aggression: Stability of constructs and relations to correlates. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 167, 365–382.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Gobel, M. (2001). Reliability, validity, and normative data of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in 8–12-yr-old children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 32, 63–72.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., Merckelbach, H., Sermon, A., & Zwakhalen, S. (1998). Worry in normal children. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 703–710.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Meetsers, C., & van den Brand, K. (2002). Cognitive development and worry in normal children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 775–787.
Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Meesters, C., & Boomsma, P. (2004). Rumination and worry in nonclinical adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 539–554.
Orton, G. L. (1982). A comparative study of children’s worries. Journal of Psychology, 110, 153–162.
Parker, J. G., & Gottman, J. M. (1989). Social and emotional development in a relational context: Friendship interaction from early childhood to adolescence. In T. J. Berndt & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships in child development (pp. 95–131). New York: Wiley.
Penza-Clyve, S., & Zeman, J. (2002). Initial validation of the Emotion Expression Scale for Children (EESC). Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 540–547.
Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Exploring ethnic differences in children’s self-reported management of anger and pride. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel. A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1985). Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Rutter, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 265–296.
Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York, NY: Guilford.
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906–916.
Silverman, W. K., LaGreca, A., & Wasserstein, S. (1995). What do children worry about? Worries and their relation to anxiety. Child Development, 66, 671–686.
Silverman, W. K., & Nelles, W. B. (1988). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 772–778.
Silverman, W., Saavedra, L., & Pina, A. (2001). Test–retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 937–944.
Sim, L., Adrian, M., Zeman, J., Cassano, M., & Friedrich, W. (2009). Adolescent deliberate self-harm: Linkages to emotion regulation and family emotional climate. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 75–91.
Sim, L., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion awareness and identification skills in adolescent girls with Bulimia Nervosa. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 760–771.
Sim, L., & Zeman, J. (2006). The contribution of emotion regulation to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in early adolescent girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2, 207–216.
Simon, A., & Ward, L. O. (1974). Variables influencing the sources, frequency, and intensity of worry in secondary school pupils. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 63–64.
Spence, S. H. (1998). A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 545–566.
Spielberger, C. (1998). State-trait anger expression inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Sroufe, L. A. (1990). Considering normal and abnormal together: The essence of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 335–347.
Suveg, C., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 750–759.
Suveg, C., Zeman, J., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Cassano, M. (2005). Emotion socialization in families of children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 145–155.
Trosper, S. E., & Ehrenreich, J. (2007). Reliability and validity of the Children’s Worry Management Scale in a clinically anxious population. Presentation at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior and Cognitive Therapy conference, Philadelphia, PA.
Vasey, M. W., Crnic, K. A., & Carter, W. G. (1994). Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 529–549.
Vasey, M. W., & Daleiden, E. L. (1994). Worry in children. In G. L. C. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspective on theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 185–207). NY: Wiley.
Weems, C. F., Silverman, W. K., & LaGreca, A. M. (2000). What do youth referred for anxiety problems worry about? Worry and its relation to anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 63–72.
Wills, T. A., Walker, C., Mendoza, D., & Ainette, M. G. (2006). Behavioral and emotional self-control: Relations to substance use in samples of middle and high school students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 265–278.
Zeman, J., Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Stegall, S. (2006). Emotion regulation in children and adolescents. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 155–168.
Zeman, J., & Garber, J. (1996). Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: It depends on who is watching. Child Development, 67, 957–973.
Zeman, J., Klimes-Dougan, B., Cassano, M., & Adrian, M. (2007). Measurement issues in emotion research with children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 377–401.
Zeman, J., & Shipman, K. (1997). Social-contextual influences on affect management: The transition from middle childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 33, 917–924.
Zeman, J., Shipman, K., & Penza-Clyve, S. (2001). Development and initial validation of the Children’s Sadness Management Scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, 187–205.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zeman, J.L., Cassano, M., Suveg, C. et al. Initial Validation of the Children’s Worry Management Scale. J Child Fam Stud 19, 381–392 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9308-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9308-4