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Diet and Feeding Behavior of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Callitrichidae) in Degraded Areas of the Atlantic Forest of South-Bahia, Brazil

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Abstract

Habitat disturbance alters plant diversity and food resource availability, affecting the ecology, and ultimately the survival and reproduction, of species depending on those plants. Studies in degraded areas serve to improve our understanding of the consequences of habitat modification for endangered species and to guide conservation actions. We studied diet composition, monthly variation in feeding behavior and fruit feeding time, and dietary diversity in two golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) groups ranging in a degraded area of the Atlantic Forest in South-Bahia, Brazil, over a 12-mo period. We recorded feeding behavior and food items consumed through continuous observations and focal animal sampling, and performed dietary analyses on samples from consumed fruits. Substrate manipulation to search for animal prey was the feeding activity most frequently observed, followed by fruit consumption. We observed nectar drinking and exudate feeding at low frequencies from April through July. Bromeliads were the principal foraging substrate. We observed the use of 114 plant species, confirming the large dietary diversity reported for the species. Individual trees from the family Melastomataceae, common in degraded forests, accounted for the highest visiting frequencies (40%). Fruit availability was the main factor explaining variation in monthly fruit feeding time, despite the absence of climatic seasonality. Nutritional or energetic characteristics did not affect fruit choice. Differences in floristic composition appear to be a major determinant of the species’ diet in different study areas. Regional forest restoration programs should consider including advanced forest species, to improve both forest quality and animal mobility between fragments.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Project BioBrasil, the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (Belgium), and IESB for their investment in this study, and ICMBio and the reserve directors Saturnino N. F. de Sousa and Paulo C. D. Cruz for support and permission to work inside the Una Biological Reserve. We are grateful to Antonio Ribeiro Santos Junior, José Alves das Neves Filho, and Josinei da Silva Santos for help with data collection and to José Lima Paixão for help with the botanical identifications. We thank the following funding agencies: CNPq, Scott Neotropical Fund of the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, the Center for Research and Conservation of the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Lion Tamarins of Brazil Fund, National Lottery of Belgium, Primate Action Fund, and Zoological Society of London. The Flemish Ministry of Science (Belgium) provided structural support to the Center for Research and Conservation of the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp. We thank Paul Garber, Editor-in-Chief Joanna M. Setchell, Lisa G. Rapaport, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, and Nikki Tagg for English editing. This research was authorized by IBAMA permits (Process n° 02001,006792/05-64 (L. S. Catenacci), Process n° 02001,005594/02-31 (K. M. De Vleeschouwer), and Portaria MCT n°195, of March 25 2002 (K. M. De Vleeschouwer).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, 64900-000, Bom Jesus, PI, Brasil

    Lilian S. Catenacci

  2. Programa de Pós-graduação em Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, 67030-000, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil

    Lilian S. Catenacci

  3. Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018, Antwerp, Belgium

    Lilian S. Catenacci, Michaele S. Pessoa & Kristel M. De Vleeschouwer

  4. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil

    Michaele S. Pessoa

  5. Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil

    Sérgio L. G. Nogueira-Filho

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  1. Lilian S. Catenacci
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Correspondence to Kristel M. De Vleeschouwer.

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The list of plant species (ESM Appendix S1) and nutrient and energy composition of dry matter for 19 fruit species consumed by two groups of golden-headed lion tamarins in Una Biological Reserve from January 2005 through January 2007 (ESM Appendix S2) are available online.

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Catenacci, L.S., Pessoa, M.S., Nogueira-Filho, S.L.G. et al. Diet and Feeding Behavior of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Callitrichidae) in Degraded Areas of the Atlantic Forest of South-Bahia, Brazil. Int J Primatol 37, 136–157 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9889-x

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