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Parent Psychopathology and Youth Internalizing Symptoms in an Urban Community: A Latent Growth Model Analysis

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Abstract

The present study examined the developmental trajectories of youth depression and anxiety symptoms from 6th through 12th grade in a low-income, urban sample (N = 141; mean age = 11.75 years; 88.7% African American). The study also tested the independent contribution of parent mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders assessed in early childhood to initial levels and rate of change in depression and anxiety symptoms from 6th through 12th grade. Possible gender differences in symptom course and strength of parent psychopathology predictors were examined using multiple-group analysis. Results indicated that depression symptoms declined over time for males, whereas depression symptoms initially declined, but then increased for females. In contrast, male and female adolescents each showed a decline in anxiety symptoms throughout adolescence. Findings also indicated that parent mood disorders were the only predictor of youth depression and anxiety symptoms for male and female adolescents in 6th grade. Parent anxiety disorders uniquely predicted the rate of change in depression symptoms among male adolescents. These results underscore the importance of targeting parents with mood and anxiety disorders in urban families in order to reduce the risk for internalizing difficulties in their adolescent youth.

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Notes

  1. In each of the nine schools, three first-grade classrooms were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a classroom-centered (CC) intervention involving an enhanced curriculum, a classroom game in which student teams were contigently reinforced for exhibiting compliant, on-task, non-aggressive, and prosocial behavior (Good Behavior Game) [102], and weekly instruction in problem-solving skills; (2) a family-school partnership (FSP) intervention involving teacher training in parent-teacher communication [103], weekly home-school communication and learning activities, and nine parent workshops focused on both parent-school collaboration [104, 105] and enhancing parent discipline [106]; and (3) a standard setting or control condition. Interventions were provided over the course of first-grade. Relative to the control condition, children in the CC condition showed significantly higher academic achievement and fewer aggressive behaviors in second grade, and they were less likely to display conduct problems in sixth grade. Although children in the FSP condition also showed fewer problems than did children in the control condition, the effects of the FSP condition were more circumscribed and modest than the CC condition [53].

  2. Nested model comparisons were also conducted without male parents. Because results were the same in either case, they are presented for the entire sample.

  3. In order to reduce assessment burden, CIDI supplemental modules were not included in the interview. Therefore, diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder were not assessed.

  4. Most parents diagnosed with a specific phobia also presented with one or more other anxiety disorders (n = 11; 64.7%), thereby weakening the possibility that the impact of Parent Anxiety Disorders on youth outcomes would be underestimated due to the inclusion of this diagnosis. However, in an attempt to reach a more comparable level of functional severity across parent diagnostic categories, analyses were also conducted without any specific phobia diagnoses. Findings were the same whether specific phobia diagnoses were included or omitted from the Parent Anxiety Disorders variable.

  5. Because many parents had more than one diagnosis, frequency counts are not mutually exclusive.

  6. Results of preliminary nested model comparisons conducted separately by adolescent gender are available upon request from the first author.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grants T32MH020033, K23MH63427-02, P30MH066247, R01MH057005 and National Institute of Drug Abuse grant R01DA011796. We gratefully acknowledge the generous assistance of Ms. Emily M. Becker for her help preparing this manuscript.

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  1. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Marcy Burstein & Golda S. Ginsburg

  2. University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA

    Hanno Petras

  3. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Nicholas Ialongo

  4. National Institute of Mental Health, Section on Developmental Genetic Epidemiology, 35 Convent Drive, Room 1A104 (MSC 3720), Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA

    Marcy Burstein

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  1. Marcy Burstein
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  2. Golda S. Ginsburg
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  3. Hanno Petras
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  4. Nicholas Ialongo
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Correspondence to Marcy Burstein.

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Burstein, M., Ginsburg, G.S., Petras, H. et al. Parent Psychopathology and Youth Internalizing Symptoms in an Urban Community: A Latent Growth Model Analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 41, 61–87 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0152-y

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