Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Fine-grain spatial patterning and dynamics of land use and agrobiodiversity amid global changes in the Bolivian Andes

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Regional Environmental Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Our research addresses the gap in scientific research on the fine-grain spatial patterns and social–ecological interactions of land use and agrobiodiversity. The spatial dimension of agrobiodiversity dynamics potentially strengthens the social–ecological resilience and food security of smallholders by buffering risk and vulnerability. Our research integrates the scientific theories, concepts, and methods of spatial externalities, social–ecological interactions, geospatial land and global change sciences, and political ecology. We designed a case study of the Arbieto-Tarata landscape in the Bolivian Andes that comprises a globally significant agrobiodiversity hot spot of Andean maize. The Arbieto-Tarata landscape, which contains nearly 8000 fields at 2500–2800 masl, is representative of mixed-use smallholder agri-food systems amid global changes. Our research predicts spatial spillover and edge effects of combined social and environmental factors leading to the clustering of same-crop fields. Findings reveal significant levels of the predicted clustering between 2006 and 2012. The degree of this clustering is found to differ among geographic and environmental sub-areas reflecting fine-grain variation of local causal linkages. Extra-local causal linkages include high levels of migration, water resource shortages, and urbanization. Results show the influences of informal and formal coordination in the spatial clustering of same-crop fields. This field-level coordination improves the efficiency of resource allocations and lowers costs of production. It enables the viability of high-agrobiodiversity Andean maize in smallholder land use and agri-food systems amid global changes. The article discusses the broader policy and scientific implications of these findings including scaling up and support of the social–ecological resilience of agrobiodiversity globally.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Almekinders CJ, Fresco LO, Struik PC (1995) The need to study and manage variation in agro-ecosystems. NJAS Wag J Life Sci 43:127–142. https://library.wur.nl/ojs/index.php/njas/article/view/572

  • Anselin L, Rey SJ (eds) (2010) Perspectives on spatial data analysis. Springer, Berlin. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01976-0_1

    Google Scholar 

  • Ávila Lara G (2008) El maíz y su mejoramiento genético en Bolivia. Fundación Simón Patiño, Cochabamba

    Google Scholar 

  • Ávila G, Gúzman L (1998) Catálogo de recursos genéticos de maices bolivianos. FONAMA, Cochabamba, Bolivia

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker L, Dove M, Graef D, Keleman A, Kneas D, Osterhoudt S, Stoike J (2013) Whose diversity counts? The politics and paradoxes of modern diversity. Sustain 5:2495–2518. doi:10.3390/su5062495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bebbington A (2001) Globalized Andes? Livelihoods, landscapes and development. Cult Geog 8:414–436. doi:10.1177/096746080100800403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellon MR (2004) Conceptualizing interventions to support on-farm genetic resource conservation. World Dev 32:159–172. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.04.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellon MR, Risopoulos J (2001) Small-scale farmers expand the benefits of improved maize germplasm: a case study from Chiapas, Mexico. World Dev 29:799–811. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00013-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett EM, Balvanera P (2007) The future of production systems in a globalized world. Front Ecol Env 5:191–198. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[191:TFOPSI]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birol E, Smale M, Gyovai Á (2006) Using a choice experiment to estimate farmers’ valuation of agrobiodiversity on Hungarian small farms. Environ Res Econ 34:439–469. doi:10.1007/s10640-006-0009-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandolini A (1970) Maize. In: Frankel OH, Bennett E (eds) Genetic resources in plants—their exploration and conservation. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, pp 273–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Brannstrom C, Vadjunec JM (eds) (2014) Land change science, political ecology and sustainability: synergies and divergences. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunckhorst DJ, Reeve I, Morley P, Bock K (2008) Strategic spatial governance: deriving social–ecological frameworks for managing landscapes and regions. Landscape analysis and visualisation. Springer, Berlin, pp 253–275

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brush SB (2004) Farmers’ bounty: locating crop diversity in the contemporary world. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brush SB, Perales HR (2007) A maize landscape: ethnicity and agro-biodiversity in Chiapas Mexico. Agri Ecosyst Environ 121:211–221. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt JE, Barber GM, Rigby DL (2009) Elementary statistics for geographers. Guilford Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassman KG (1999) Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture. Proc Nat Acad Sci 96:5952–5959. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.5952

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury RR, Turner BL II (2006) Reconciling agency and structure in empirical analysis: smallholder land use in the southern Yucatán, Mexico. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 96:302–322. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00479.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collet C, Schneuwly D, Calo R (2010) Discrete spatial distributions. Geographic Information Technology Training Alliance (GITTA). http://www.gitta.info/DiscrSpatVari/en/text/DiscrSpatVari

  • Cunningham SA, Attwood SJ, Bawa KS, Benton TG, Broadhurst LM, Didham RK, McIntyre S, Perfecto Samways MJ, Tscharntke T, Vandermeer J, Villard MA, Young AG, Lindenmayer DB (2013) To close the yield-gap while saving biodiversity will require multiple locally relevant strategies. Agri Ecosyst Environ 173:20–27. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Boef WS, Thijssen MH, Shrestha P, Subedi A, Feyissa R, Gezu G, Canci A, Ferreira MAJDF, Dias T, Swain S, Sthapit BR (2012) Moving beyond the dilemma: practices that contribute to the on-farm management of agrobiodiversity. J Sust Agri 36:788–809. doi:10.1080/10440046.2012.695329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Haan S (2014) Conservación in-situ: el estado de arte visto desde una mirada del cultivo de la papa. Presentation to the Congreso Nacional de Recursos genéticos de la agrodiversidad (Santa Cruz, Bolivia), 28–29 August

  • de Haan S, Núñez J, Bonierbale M, Ghislain M (2010) Multilevel agrobiodiversity and conservation of Andean potatoes in Central Peru: species, morphological, genetic, and spatial diversity. Mount Res Dev 30:222–231. doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00020.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFries RS, Foley JA, Asner GP (2004) Land-use choices: balancing human needs and ecosystem function. Front Ecol Environ 2:249–257. doi:10.2307/3868265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirección de Estadísticas Económicas—Bolivia (2009) Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria-2008. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. http://www.ine.gob.bo/anda/index.php/ddibrowser/39. Accessed 5 June 2015

  • Dove MR (1985) Swidden agriculture in Indonesia: the subsistence strategies of the Kalimantan Kantu’. Mouton, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Engels JM, Ebert M, Thormann I, De Vicente MC (2006) Centres of crop diversity and/or origin, genetically modified crops and implications for plant genetic resources conservation. Genet Res Crop Evol 53:1675–1688. doi:10.1007/s10722-005-1215-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB, Manning AD (2006) Biodiversity, ecosystem function, and resilience: ten guiding principles for commodity production landscapes. Front Ecol Environ 4:80–86. doi:10.1890/1540-9295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foley JA, Ramankutty N, Brauman KA, Cassidy ES, Gerber JS, Johnston M, Mueller ND, O’Connell C, Ray DK, West PC, Balzer C, Bennett EM, Carpenter SR, Hill J, Monfreda C, Polasky S, Rockström J, Sheehan J, Siebert S, Tilman D, Zaks DPM (2011) Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478:337–342. doi:10.1038/nature10452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fonte SJ, Vanek SJ, Oyarzun P, Parsa S, Quintero DC, Rao IM, Lavelle P (2012) Pathways to agroecological intensification of soil fertility management by smallholder farmers in the Andean Highlands. Adv Agron. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394277-7.00004-X

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnett T, Appleby MC, Balmford A, Bateman IJ, Benton TG, Bloomer P, Burlingame B, Dawkins M, Dolan L, Fraser D, Herrero M, Hoffmann I, Smith P, Thornton PK, Toulmin C, Vermeulen SJ, Godfray HCJ (2013) Sustainable intensification in agriculture: premises and policies. Science 341:33–34. doi:10.1126/science.1234485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gepts P (2006) Plant genetic resources conservation and utilization. Crop Sci 46:2278–2292. doi:10.2135/cropsci2006.03.0169gas

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812–818. doi:10.1126/science.1185383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman MM, Stuber CW (1983) Races of maize VI: isozyme variation among races of maize in Bolivia. Maydica 28:169–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Grobman A (1961) Races of maize in Peru: their origins, evolution and classification. U.S. National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haller A (2014) The “sowing of concrete”: peri-urban smallholder perceptions of rural–urban land change in the Central Peruvian Andes. Land Use Pol 38:239–247. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.11.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harlan JR (1992) Crops and man. American Society of Agronomy, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes JG (1990) The potato: evolution, biodiversity and genetic resources. Belhaven Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hijmans RJ, Garrett KA, Huaman Z, Zhang DP, Schreuder M, Bonierbale M (2000) Assessing the geographic representativeness of genebank collections: the case of Bolivian wild potatoes. Conserv Biol 14:1755–1765. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.98543.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HLPE (2013). Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/HLPE_Reports/HLPE-Report-6_Investing_in_smallholder_agriculture.pdf

  • INIAF (Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal) (2013) INIAF fortalece la producción de variedades criollas de maíz en el Valle Alto de Cochabamba. http://www.iniaf.gob.bo/index.php/es/prensa/106-plagas-papa. Accessed 9 Sep 2013

  • INIAF (Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal) (2014) Congreso Nacional de Recursos genéticos de la agrodiversidad. http://www.iniaf.gob.bo/index.php/es/2012-09-17-22-45-34/302-i-congreso-nacional-de-recursos-geneticos-de-la-agrobiodiversidad-para-la-seguridad-alimentaria-con-soberania-de-bolivia. Accessed 12 Aug 2014

  • Irwin EG, Bockstael NE (2002) Interacting agents, spatial externalities and the evolution of residential land use patterns. J Econ Geogr 2(1):31–54. doi:10.1093/jeg/2.1.31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson LE, Pascual U, Hodgkin T (2007) Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Agri Ecosyst Environ 121:196–210. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson LE, Pulleman MM, Brussaard L, Bawa KS, Brown GG, Cardoso IM, de Ruiter PC, García-Barrios L, Hollander AD, Lavellei P, Ouédraogo E, Pascual U, Setty S, Smukler SM, Tscharntke T, Van Noordwijk M (2012) Social–ecological and regional adaptation of agrobiodiversity management across a global set of research regions. Glob Environ Change 22:623–639. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis DI, Brown AH, Cuong PH, Collado-Panduro L, Latournerie-Moreno L, Gyawali S, Tanto T, Sawadogo M, Mar I, Sadiki M, Thi-Ngoc Hue N, Arias-Reyes L, Balma D, Bajracharya J, Castillo F, Rijal D, Belqadi L, Rana R, Saidi S, Ouedraogo J, Zangre R, Rhrib K, Chavez JL, Schoen D, Sthapit B, De Santis P, Fadda C, Hodgkin T (2008) A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop-variety diversity maintained by farming communities. Proc Nat Acad Sci 105:5326–5331. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800607105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns T, Eyzaguirre PB (2006) Linking biodiversity, diet and health in policy and practice. Proc Nutr Soc 65:182–189. doi:10.1079/PNS2006494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston RJ, Swallow SK, Bauer DM (2002) Spatial factors and stated preference values for public goods: considerations for rural land use. Land Econ 78:481–500. doi:10.3368/le.78.4.481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AD, Shrinivas A, Bezner-Kerr R (2014) Farm production diversity is associated with greater household dietary diversity in Malawi: findings from nationally representative data. Food Policy 46:1–12. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.02.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambin EF, Turner BL, Geist HJ, Agbola SB, Angelsen A, Bruce JW, Coomes OT, Dirzo R, Fischer G, Folke C, George PS, Homewood K, Imbernon J, Leemans R, Li X, Moran EF, Mortimore M, Ramakrishnan PS, Richards JF, Skåness H, Steffen W, Stone GD, Svedin U, Veldkamp TA, Vogel C, Xu J (2001) The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Glob Environ Change 11:261–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lansing JS (2009) Priests and programmers: technologies of power in the engineered landscape of Bali. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner AM, Rudel TK, Schneider LC, McGroddy M, Burbano DV, Mena CF (2014) The spontaneous emergence of silvo-pastoral landscapes in the Ecuadorian Amazon: patterns and processes. Reg Environ Change. doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0699-4

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DJ, Barham BL, Zimmerer KS (2008) Spatial externalities in agriculture: empirical analysis, statistical identification, and policy implications. World Dev 36:1813–1829. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.10.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DJ, Barham BL, Robinson B (2011) Are there spatial spillovers in the adoption of clean technology? The case of organic dairy farming. Land Econ 87:250–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matchett K (2006) At odds over inbreeding: an abandoned attempt at Mexico/United States collaboration to “improve” Mexican corn, 1940–1950. J Hist Biol 39:345–372. doi:10.1007/s10739-006-0007-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCord PF, Cox M, Schmitt-Harsh M, Evans T (2015) Crop diversification as a smallholder livelihood strategy within semi-arid agricultural systems near Mount Kenya. Land Use Pol 42:738–750. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.10.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Momsen JH (2007) Gender and agrobiodiversity: introduction to the special issue. Sing J Trop Geogr 28:1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2006.00272.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa CM (1990) The potatoes of South America: Bolivia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom E (2009) A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social–ecological systems. Science 325:419–422. doi:10.1126/science.1172133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oyarzun PJ, Borja RM, Sherwood S, Parra V (2013) Making sense of agrobiodiversity, diet, and intensification of smallholder family farming in the Highland Andes of Ecuador. Ecol Food Nutr 52:515–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker DC, Munroe DK (2007) The geography of market failure: edge-effect externalities and the location and production patterns of organic farming. Ecol Econ 60:821–833. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plieninger T, Bieling C (eds) (2012) Resilience and the cultural landscape: understanding and managing change in human-shaped environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Polreich S, De Haan S, Juárez H, Arce Indacochea A, Plasencia F, Ccanto R, Scurrah M, Begazo Oliviera D (2014) An interdisciplinary monitoring network of diversity hotspots for long-term in situ conservation of potato landraces. Bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Tropentag, September 17–19, 2014, Prague, Czech Republic

  • Postigo JC (2014) Perception and resilience of Andean populations facing climate change. J Ethnobiol 34:383–400. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-34.3.383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Postigo JC, Young KR, Crews KA (2008) Change and continuity in a pastoralist community in the high Peruvian Andes. Hum Ecol 36:535–551. doi:10.1007/s10745-008-9186-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pretty J (2008) Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence. Phil Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 363:447–465. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Producción Estadística (DIMPE)—Colombia (2011) Resultados Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria ENA. Departamento Dirección de Metodología Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), Bogota, Colombia

  • Rámirez E, Timothy DH, Grant U (1960) Races of maize in Bolivia. U.S. National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid WV (1998) Biodiversity hotspots. Tre Ecol Evol 13:275–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards P (2007) How does participation work? deliberation and performance in African food security. IDS Bull 38, pp 21–35. doi:10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00406.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins P (2003) Beyond ground truth: GIS and the environmental knowledge of herders, professional foresters, and other traditional communities. Hu Ecol 31:233–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas Vaca HL (2001) Población y territorio: una perspectiva histórica. Editorial Runa, Cochabamba

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudel TK, Coomes OT, Moran E, Achard F, Angelsen A, Xu J, Lambin E (2005) Forest transitions: towards a global understanding of land use change. Glob Environ Change 15:23–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton G (1969) Analysis of spatial behavior by revealed space preference. Ann Assoc Am Geog 59:391–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez GJJ, Stuber CW, Goodman MM (2000) Isozymatic diversity in the races of maize of the Americas. Maydica 45:185–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherr SJ, McNeely JA (2008) Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of ‘ecoagriculture’ landscapes. Phil Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 363:477–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider LC, Fernando DN (2010) An untidy cover: invasion of bracken fern in the shifting cultivation systems of Southern Yucatán, Mexico. Biotrop 42, pp. 41–48. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00569.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sevilla R (1993) Variation in modern Andean maize and its implications for prehistoric patterns. In: Johannessen S, Hastorf CA (eds) Corn and culture in the prehistoric New World. Westview Press, Boulder, pp 218–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Sietz D, Lüdeke MK, Walther C (2011) Categorisation of typical vulnerability patterns in global drylands. Glob Environ Change 21:431–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sietz D, Choque SEM, Lüdeke MK (2012) Typical patterns of smallholder vulnerability to weather extremes with regard to food security in the Peruvian Altiplano. Reg Environ Change 12:489–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sistema de Consulta de Cuadros Estadísticos—Peru (2013) IV Censo Nacional Agropecuario 2012. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. http://censos.inei.gob.pe/cenagro/tabulados. Accessed 30 May 2015

  • Skarbø K (2014) The cooked is the kept: factors shaping the maintenance of agrobiodiversity in the Andes. Hum Ecol 42:711–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smale M, Bellon MR, Jarvis D, Sthapit B (2004) Economic concepts for designing policies to conserve crop genetic resources on farms. Genet Res Crop Evol 51:121–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snapp SS, Blackie MJ, Gilbert RA, Bezner-Kerr R, Kanyama-Phiri GY (2010) Biodiversity can support a greener revolution in Africa. Proc Nat Acad Sci 107:20840–20845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner BL, Lambin EF, Reenberg A (2007) The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability. Proc Nat Acad Sci 104:20666–20671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Etten J, de Bruin S (2007) Regional and local maize seed exchange and replacement in the western highlands of Guatemala. Pl Genet Res Char Util 5:57–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vavilov NI (1992) Origin and geography of cultivated plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigouroux Y, Glaubitz JC, Matsuoka Y, Goodman MM, Sánchez GJ, Doebley J (2008) Population structure and genetic diversity of New World maize races assessed by DNA microsatellites. Am J Bot 95:1240–1253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yarnall K, Price M (2010) Migration, development and a new rurality in the Valle Alto, Bolivia. J Lat Am Geog 9:107–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young KR (2009) Andean land use and biodiversity: humanized landscapes in a time of change. Ann Miss Bot Gar 96:492–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young KR, Aspinall R (2006) Kaleidoscoping landscapes, shifting perspectives. Prof Geog 58:436–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young KR, Lipton JK (2006) Adaptive governance and climate change in the tropical highlands of western South America. Clin Change 78:63–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young OR, Berkhout F, Gallopin GC, Janssen MA, Ostrom E, van der Leeuw S (2006) The globalization of socio-ecological systems: an agenda for scientific research. Glob Environ Change 16:304–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer KS (1996) Changing fortunes: biodiversity and peasant livelihoods in the Peruvian Andes. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer KS (1998) The ecogeography of Andean potatoes. Biol Sci 48:445–454. doi:10.2307/1313242

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer KS (2001) Report on geography and the new ethnobiology. Geogr Rev 91:725–734. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2001.tb00251.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer KS (2010) Biological diversity in agriculture and global change. Ann Rev Environ Res 35:137–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer KS (2013) The compatibility of agricultural intensification in a global hotspot of smallholder agrobiodiversity (Bolivia). Proc Nat Acad Sci 110:2769–2774. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216294110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer KS (2014) Conserving agrobiodiversity amid global change, migration, and nontraditional livelihood networks: the dynamic uses of cultural landscape knowledge. Ecol Soc 19:1. doi:10.5751/ES-06316-190201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer KS (2015) Understanding agrobiodiversity and the rise of resilience: Analytic category, conceptual boundary object or meta-level transition? Resilience. doi:10.1080/21693293.2015.1072311

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerer KS, Carney JA, Vanek SJ (2015) Sustainable smallholder intensification in global change? Pivotal spatial interactions, gendered livelihoods, and agrobiodiversity. Curr Op Environ Sust 14:49–60. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.03.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Research support in phases I (2002–2006) and II (2009–2012) was provided through NSF BSC 0240962 (U Wisconsin—Madison) and HSD 0948816 (PSU), respectively. Thanks for conceptual and methodological inputs to S de Haan, J Carney, S Brush, C Almekinders, D Lewis, B Barham, J Burt, A Burnicki, and W Doolittle; for research assistance to Q Di, D Retchless, M Bell, T Tennessen, J Centellas, and field teams in Bolivia and Wisconsin; and to Steve Vanek for the drafting of figures. Significant parts were presented in meetings: AAG (Los Angeles, 2012); AAAS (Chicago, 2014), and GLP (Berlin, 2014). Feedback and insights were received from O. Coomes, BL Turner, E Lambin, R DeFries, K McSweeney, J van Etten, P Gepts, L Schneider, and T Rudel. Focus on resilience and agrobiodiversity was advanced in the Workshop on Resilience and Development (Dept. Rural Sociology, Cornell University, 2014) and the “The Public and Private Lives of Plant Genetic Resources” session organized by S. Chapman and V. Nazarea at the 2013 AAA meeting (Chicago). Comments of W. Wolford, C. Barrett, M Walsh-Dilley, and A. Gold are gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earth and Environmental Systems Institute (EESI), University Park, PA, USA

    Karl S. Zimmerer

  2. Penn State Institutes for Energy and the Environment (PSIEE), University Park, PA, USA

    Karl S. Zimmerer

  3. GeoSyntheSES Lab (Geographic Syntheses for Social Ecological Sustainability), University Park, PA, USA

    Karl S. Zimmerer

  4. Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, 302 Walker Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Karl S. Zimmerer

  5. Centro de Cultura y Pensamiento (CCP), Universidad Mayor San Simón, Calle Jordán, 3700, Cochabamba, Bolivia

    Hector Luís Rojas Vaca

Authors
  1. Karl S. Zimmerer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hector Luís Rojas Vaca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karl S. Zimmerer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zimmerer, K.S., Vaca, H.L.R. Fine-grain spatial patterning and dynamics of land use and agrobiodiversity amid global changes in the Bolivian Andes. Reg Environ Change 16, 2199–2214 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0897-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0897-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation