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Risikofaktoren und Prävention des Mammakarzinoms

Risk factors and prevention of breast cancer

  • Leitthema
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Der Onkologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Neben Brustkrebsrisikofaktoren wie Hormoneinfluss, Reproduktionsverhalten und Lifestylefaktoren führen moderne molekulargenetische Analyseverfahren zu einer rasant zunehmenden Anzahl von genetischen Risikofaktoren. Folglich kommt genetisch bedingten Erkrankungsrisiken derzeit sowohl von Seiten der Betroffenen als auch von behandelnden Ärzten eine gesteigerte Aufmerksamkeit zu. Bisher gibt es intensivierte Früherkennungsuntersuchungen und prophylaktische Operationen lediglich für gut definierte Hochrisikogruppen, für die einzelne Risikoindikatoren (BRCA-Mutation) die Grundlage darstellen. Es ist aber zu erwarten, dass die genetischen Risikofaktoren, die in Zukunft entdeckt werden, nur mit einem moderat erhöhten Risiko einhergehen. Die Präventionsmaßnahmen, die sich in der Hochrisikogruppe als effizient erwiesen haben, lassen sich aber sicherlich nicht einfach auf Gruppen mit mittleren bzw. niedrigen Erkrankungsrisiken übertragen.

Schlussfolgerungen

Es ist mittlerweile offensichtlich, dass ein bestimmter Genotyp mit einer bestimmten phänotypischen Tumorausprägung assoziiert ist. So sind BRCA1-assoziierte Mammakarzinome typischerweise triple-negativ, BRCA2-assoziierte Tumoren überwiegend vom Luminal-B-Typ und RAD51C-assoziierte meist vom Luminal-A-Typ. Diese Tumorphänotypen zeigen spezifische klinische Krankheitsverläufe und entsprechende Ansprechraten auf gezielt eingesetzte Therapiekonzepte. Für die neuen Risiko-Gene müssen diese Daten im Rahmen von Studien erst gewonnen werden. Sie können dann von Betroffenen und Ärzten als Grundlage im Entscheidungsprozess für bzw. gegen die Inanspruchnahme risikoadaptierter präventiver Maßnahmen genutzt werden.

Abstract

Background

In addition to risk factors for breast cancer, such as hormonal influence, reproductive behavior and lifestyle factors, modern molecular analysis techniques lead to a rapidly increasing number of genetic risk factors for breast cancer. These factors attract heightened awareness of patients and doctors. Intensified surveillance strategies for early detection and prophylactic risk-reducing surgery exist for members of well-defined high-risk groups (e.g. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers). New genes that will be discovered in the near future will only be moderate and low risk genes. Preventive strategies that have been proven to be efficient for members of the high-risk group are certainly not appropriate to be easily transferred to members of moderate or low-risk groups.

Conclusion

It has now become obvious that specific genotypes are associated with specific tumor phenotypes. Breast cancers of BRCA1 mutation carriers are mostly triple negative, while BRCA2 and RAD51C mutation carriers show luminal B and luminal A breast cancers, respectively. These tumor phenotypes are associated with a specific course of disease and corresponding response rates to targeted therapies. Epidemiological and clinical studies have to be carried out to deliver these data for the newly identified risk genes and can then form the basis for patients and doctors within the decision-making process for or against undertaking risk-adapted preventive measures.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. R.K. Schmutzler und K. Rhiem erhielten Honorare für die Teilnahme an Advisory Board Treffen sowie Vortragshonorare der Fa. Astra Zeneca. Prof. Dr. Schmutzler erhielt des Weiteren Honorare für die Teilnahme an Advisory Board Treffen der Firmen Sanofi Aventis und Eisai, Teilnahmegebührenerstattung für den ASCO-Kongress von den Firmen Astra Zeneca, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Glaxo, Vortragshonorare von Sanofi Aventis und Roche sowie Studiengelder für klinische Studien der Firmen Astra Zeneca, Sanofi Aventis, Siemens Medical Solutions, Amgen.

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Rhiem, K., Schmutzler, R. Risikofaktoren und Prävention des Mammakarzinoms. Onkologe 21, 202–210 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-014-2837-5

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