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Klinische Anforderungen an die Bildgebung der Aorta

Clinical requirements of aortic imaging

  • Leitthema: Aorta
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Zusammenfassung

Die moderne Bildgebung, insbesondere die nichtinvasive Schnittbildgebung, hat sich in den letzten Jahren dramatisch weiterentwickelt und stellt mittlerweile die Basis für die prä- und postoperative Diagnostik aortaler Pathologien dar. Insbesondere die Planung, aber auch die Nachsorge endovaskulärer Aortenrekonstruktionen stellen sehr hohe Anforderungen an den Diagnostiker und Therapeuten. Aus der Vielzahl der bestehenden diagnostischen Modalitäten gilt es, die für die jeweilige Pathologie geeignete Untersuchungsmethode auszuwählen und für den Patienten individuell anzuwenden. Die Sonographie ist für das Screening und die Nachsorge infrarenaler Aneurysmen die Untersuchung der Wahl. Die transösophageale Echokardiographie und MR-Angiographie (MRA) werden mit hoher Sensitivität und Spezifität bei der Diagnostik, der intraoperativen Navigation von Endografts und im follow-up konservativ behandelter Patienten mit Aortenbogenaneurysmen und Aortendissektionen eingesetzt. Die Verwendung der MRA ist jedoch durch lange Untersuchungszeiten, Metallartefakte und limitierte Verfügbarkeit begrenzt. Die digitale Subtraktionsangiographie (DSA) hat ihre Rolle in der Diagnostik der Aorthenpathologien gegenüber der CTA eingebüßt, behält aber derzeit ihre Domäne bei der intraoperativen Darstellung der Verankerungszonen von Endoprothesen. Der selektive Nachweis postoperativer Endoleckagen mit anschließender therapeutischer Embolisation ist ein weiteres Einsatzgebiet der DSA. Die CT-Angiographie (CTA) inklusive der sog. Bildnachverarbeitung („image postprocessing“) haben die Führungsrolle bei der Bildgebung der Aorta übernommen. Krankheitsspezifische diagnostische Algorithmen sind im klinischen Alltag sinnvoll und notwendig.

Abstract

Modern imaging modalities, especially noninvasive cross-sectional imaging techniques, have advanced dramatically in recent years and are now the backbone of pre- and postoperative evaluation of aortic pathologies. The planning in particular, but also the aftercare following endovascular aortic reconstructions, make heavy demands on physicians. It is necessary to select the method of examination that is best suited to the pathology concerned and to apply it to the patient in an individual manner. Ultrasound is the examination of choice for screening and follow-up of infrarenal aneurysms. Transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance angiography are used in diagnosis, in intraoperative navigation during the implantation of endografts and in follow-up of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections who have undergone conservative treatment, with very high sensitivity and specificity. The use of MRA is restricted by the long time needed for an examination, metal artifacts and limited availability. DSA has been largely superseded in the diagnosis of aortic pathologies by CTA, but as yet retains its role in intraoperative imaging of the anchorage regions of endoprostheses. Selective demonstration of postoperative internal leaks with subsequent therapeutic embolization is a further area of use for DSA. CTA, including so-called image postprocessing, has taken over the prime role in imaging of the aorta. Disease-specific diagnostic algorithms are useful and necessary in day-to-day clinical practice.

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Böckler, D., Hylik-Dürr, A., von Tengg-Kobligk, H. et al. Klinische Anforderungen an die Bildgebung der Aorta. Radiologe 47, 962–973 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-007-1588-3

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