Zusammenfassung
Funktionelle Störungen des unteren Harntrakts können ebenso wie der vesikoureterale Reflux im Krankheitskomplex Harnweginfekt/permanente Nierenparenchymschädigung als prädisponierende bzw. als Risikofaktoren angesehen werden. Zwei Hauptformen können unterschieden werden, die instabile Harnblase und die Sphinkter-Detrusor-Dyskoordination, wobei zwischen diesen beiden Typen Übergänge bestehen. Funktionelle Störungen des unteren Harntrakts behindern die spontane Rückbildung des vesikoureteralen Refluxes, sie finden sich in etwa 50% der Fälle bei allen Kindern mit Harnweginfekten und sind mit einem erhöhten Risiko für die Entstehung von Nierenparenchymnarben vergesellschaftet. Sie werden von der Neugeborenenperiode bis in das Schulalter beobachtet, wobei in den ersten Lebensmonaten insbesondere Knaben mit bilateralem hochgradigem Reflux und angeborenen Nierenparenchymschäden betroffen sind, im späteren Lebensalter allerdings Mädchen, wobei in dieser Altersgruppe die Harnblaseninstabilität überwiegt. Die Inkontinenz als klinisches Leitsymptom tritt bei etwa 70% aller Fälle auf, und eine enge Korrelation besteht mit chronischer Obstipation. Der Bildgebung kommt neben den urodynamischen Methoden eine entscheidende Bedeutung für Diagnose und Behandlung zu, wobei nichtinvasiven Verfahren wie der Sonographie der Vorzug zu geben ist.
Abstract
Functional disorders of the lower urinary tract as well as vesicoureteral reflux involved in the disease complex of urinary tract infection/permanent renal parenchymal damage can be considered predisposing or risk factors. Two main forms can be distinguished, i.e., unstable bladder and dysfunctional voiding, while transitional forms between the two exist. Functional disorders of the lower urinary tract obstruct spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux. They are found in about 50% of cases in all children with urinary tract infection and are associated with an increased risk of developing renal parenchymal scars. They are observed during the newborn period up to school age. In the first few months of life, particularly boys with bilateral high-grade reflux and congenital renal parenchymal damage are affected. At later ages girls are also affected, but in this age group bladder instability predominates. Incontinence as the leading clinical symptom appears in approximately 70% of all cases and is closely correlated with chronic constipation. Imaging procedures in addition to urodynamic methods are of decisive importance for diagnosis and treatment, but noninvasive approaches such as sonography should be given preference.
Literatur
Allen T (1977) The non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder. J Urol 117:232
Avni EF, Schulman CC (1996) The origin of vesico-ureteric reflux in male newborns: further evidence in favour of a transient fetal urethral obstruction. Br J Urol 78:454–459
Bachelard M, Sillén U, Hansson S et al. (1998) Urodynamic pattern in infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol 160:522–526
Beck AD (1971) Effect of intra-uterine obstruction upon the development of the fetal kidney. J Urol 105:784–789
Fotter R (1992) Functional disorders of the lower urinary tract: Urodynamic and radiological diagnosis. In: Thomsen HS (ed) European uroradiology. FADL Publishers, Copenhagen, Arhus, Odense, pp 127–132
Fotter R (1994) Children. In: Dalla Palma L, Thomsen HS (eds) European uroradiology. FADL Publishers Copenhagen, Arhus, Odense, pp 120–127
Fotter R (1996) Neurogenic bladder in infants and children — a new challenge for the radiologist. Abdom Imaging 21:534–540
Fotter R, Kopp W, Klein E et al. (1986) Unstable bladder in children: Functional evaluation by modified VCU. Radiology 161:811–813
Fryback DG, Thornbury JR (1991) The efficacy of diagnostic imaging. Med Desic Making 11:88–94
Glick PL, Harrison MR, Neall RA (1993) Correction of congenital hydronephrosis in utero III. Early mid-trimester ureteral obstruction produces renal dysplasia. J Pediatr Surg 18:681–687
Griffith DJ, Scholtmeijer RJ (1987) Vesico-ureteral reflux and lower urinary tract dysfunction: Evidence for two different reflux-dysfunction complexes. J Urol 137:240–244
Hinman F (1986) Nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder (the Hinman syndrome) — 15 years later. J Urol 136:769–777
Koff SA (1982) Bladder-sphinccter dysfunction in childhood. Urology XIX No. 5:457–461
Koff SA, Wagner TT, Jayanthi VR (1998) The relationship among dysfunctional elimination syndromes, primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections in children. J Urol 160:1019–1022
Naseer SR, Steinhardt GF (1997) New renal scars in children with urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux and voiding dysfunction: A prospective evaluation. J Urol 158:566–568
Nielsen JB, Djurhuus JC, Jørgensen TM (1984) Lower urinary tract dysfunction in vesicoureteral reflux. Urol Int 39:29–31
Nørgaard JP, van Gool JD, Hjälmas K et al. (1998) Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. Br J Urol 81 Suppl 3:1–16
Risdon RA, Yeung CK, Ransley PG (1993) Reflux nephropathy in children submitted to unilateral nephrectomy: a clinicopathological study. Clin Nephrol 6:308–314
Sillén U, Hjalmas K, Aili M et al. (1992) Pronounced detrusor hypercontractility in infancts with gross bilateral reflux. J Urol 148:598–599
Sillén U, Bachelard M, Hermanson G et al. (1996) Gross bilateral reflux in infants: Gradual decrease of initial detrusor hypercontractility. J Urol 155:668–672
Yeung CK, Godley ML, Ho CKW et al. (1995) Some new insights into bladder function in infancy. Br J Urol 76:235–240
Yeung CK, Chiu HN, Sit FKY (1999) Bladder dysfunction in children with refractory monosymptomatic Primary Nocturnal Enuresis. J Urol 162:1049–1055
Zerin JM, Chen E, Ritchey ML et al. (1993) Bladder capacity as measured at voiding cystourethrography in children: relationship to toilet training and frequency of micturition. Radiology 187:803–806
Interessenkonflikt:
Der korrespondierende Autor versichert, dass keine Verbindungen mit einer Firma, deren Produkt in dem Artikel genannt ist, oder einer Firma, die ein Konkurrenzprodukt vertreibt, bestehen.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fotter, R., Riccabona, M. Funktionelle Störungen des unteren Harntrakts im Kindesalter. Radiologe 45, 1085–1091 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-005-1246-6
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-005-1246-6