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Entwicklungen in der Dysphagiediagnostik

Vorstellung eines interdisziplinären Konzepts

Developments in dysphagia diagnostics

Presentation of an interdisciplinary concept

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Zusammenfassung

Demographische Entwicklung und medizinischer Fortschritt bedingen, dass die schon heute hohe Prävalenz von Schluckstörungen weiter steigen wird. Bei unveränderten fachärztlichen und ökonomischen Ressourcen gilt es, Dysphagien effizient zu diagnostizieren und den Patienten ein individuelles Therapiekonzept anzubieten. Die mannigfaltigen und oft koexistenten Ursachen von Dysphagie begründen die wichtige interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit in diesem Bereich. Die fundierte Endoskopie des oberen Aerodigestivtrakts – eine Domäne der HNO-Ärzte und Phoniater – nimmt eine herausragende Rolle in der Dysphagiediagnostik ein. Das hier vorgestellte Konzept einer phoniatrisch geleiteten Dysphagie-Tagesklinik erlaubt eine fundierte und effiziente Abklärung von Schluckstörungen und bietet den Patienten ein entsprechend abgestimmtes Therapiekonzept. Technische Neuerungen wie der Einsatz von „narrow band imaging“ (NBI) zur verbesserten Visualisierung des Speisebolus oder spezielle Untersuchungsmethoden wie das „Dipping-Manöver“ zur direkten Inspektion der Subglottis und Trachea aus nächster Nähe haben die endoskopische Dysphagiediagnostik weiter verbessert. Es hat sich bewährt, den Untersuchungsablauf und die Auswahl von Testkonsistenzen und Placebotabletten individuell auf den Patienten abzustimmen, ohne strikten Schemata zu folgen. Aufgabe des HNO-Arztes bzw. Phoniaters ist es, den schluckgestörten Patienten individuell und abhängig von Grunderkrankung, Prognose, Lebensumständen sowie eigenen Wünschen zu beurteilen und zu beraten. Ein interdisziplinäres Team aus Ärzten und Therapeuten ermöglicht eine individuelle Beratung und Therapieplanung.

Abstract

Demographic developments and medical progress will cause the already high prevalence of swallowing disorders to increase further in the future. With the same number of specialists and economic resources, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of dysphagia diagnostics and continue to offer patients a treatment concept tailored to their needs. Manifold and often co-existing causes of dysphagia require interdisciplinary cooperation in this area. Endoscopic swallowing diagnostics play a prominent role in dysphagia diagnostics and should always contain thorough endoscopy of the upper aerodigestive tract—the domain of the ENT specialist and phoniatrician. The concept of a dysphagia day clinic under phoniatric leadership presented here allows for complete and efficient evaluation of swallowing disorders, and offers the patient a comprehensive treatment concept. Technical innovations such as the use of narrow band imaging (NBI) to significantly enhance visualization of the bolus in an endoscopic swallowing examination, as well as special methods like the “dipping maneuver” to allow a close-up examination of the subglottis and trachea were able to improve endoscopic dysphagia diagnosis even further. The examination procedure and the selection of test consistencies and placebo tablets should be tailored individually to the patient, and not follow strict procedures. The task of the ENT specialist or phoniatrician should be to assess and advise each patient individually, depending on underlying illnesses, prognosis, living conditions, and their own wishes. An interdisciplinary team of physicians and therapists permits individual counseling and therapy planning.

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Correspondence to C. Pflug.

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C. Pflug, T. Flügel und J.C. Nienstedt geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Caption Electronic Supplementary Material

Video: 27-jährige Patientin mit seit 6 Jahren bestehender rezidivierender Regurgitation von Nahrung und Flüssigkeit. In der transnasalen Ösophagoskopie zeigte sich eine ausgeprägte Verzögerung der Boluspassage mit konstanter Flüssigkeitssäule im Ösophagus und fehlendem Abtransport. In der Röntgenbreischluckuntersuchung imponierte der typische sektglasartige Kontrastmittelverlauf und in der hochauflösenden Ösophagusmanometrie ein deutlich erhöhter Relaxierungsdruck, was zur Diagnose einer Achalasie führte. © C. Pflug, alle Rechte vorbehalten.

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Pflug, C., Flügel, T. & Nienstedt, J.C. Entwicklungen in der Dysphagiediagnostik. HNO 66, 506–514 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-017-0433-x

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