Zusammenfassung
Der Einsatz von neurobiochemischen Markern, wie S-100 Protein, zur Diagnose und Prognose von akuten neurologischen Krankheitsbildern ist in den letzten Jahren Gegenstand intensiver experimenteller und klinischer Untersuchungen gewesen. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Forschung, die biochemischen Eigenschaften, die klinischen Einsatzmöglichkeiten und die Limitationen von S-100 Protein in Bezug auf die akuten neurologischen Erkrankungen, die dem Intensivmediziner am häufigsten begegnen.
Abstract
During the last years biochemical neuromonitoring with various molecules such as S-100 protein has become popular. A huge number of investigations both experimental and clinical have been undertaken to determine diagnosis and prognosis of patients with acute neurologic diseases. This article gives a review on the current knowledge, indications and limitations on the use of S-100 protein with regard to most of the acute neurological diseases an intensivist is confronted with in everyday practice.
Literatur
Abraha HD, Butterworth RJ, Bath PM, Wassif WS, Garthwaite J, Sherwood RA (1997) Serum S-100 protein, relationship to clinical outcome in acute stroke. Ann Clin Biochem 34:366–370
Allore R, O’Hanlon D, Price R et al. (1988) Gene encoding the beta subunit of S100 protein is on chromosome 21: implications for Down syndrome. Science 239:1311–1313
Anderson RE, Hansson LO, Liska J, Settergren G, Vaage J (2000) The effect of cardiotomy suction on the brain injury marker S100beta after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 69:847–850
Arrowsmith JE, Grocott HP, Reves JG, Newman MF (2000) Central nervous system complications of cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 84:378–393
Astudillo R, Linden J van der, Radegran K, Hansson LO, Aberg B (1996) Elevated serum levels of S-100 after deep hypothermic arrest correlate with duration of circulatory arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10:1107–1112
Bertsch T, Casarin W, Kretschmar M et al. (2001) Protein S-100B: a serum marker for ischemic and infectious injury of cerebral tissue. Clin Chem Lab Med 39:319–323
Böttiger BW, Mobes S, Glatzer R et al. (2001) Astroglial protein S-100 is an early and sensitive marker of hypoxic brain damage and outcome after cardiac arrest in humans. Circulation 103:2694–2698
Büttner T, Weyers S, Postert T, Sprengelmeyer R, Kuhn W (1997) S-100 protein: serum marker of focal brain damage after ischemic territorial MCA infarction. Stroke 28:1961–1965
Donato R (1999) Functional roles of S100 proteins, calcium-binding proteins of the EF-hand type. Biochim Biophys Acta 1450:191–231
Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembowski C et al. (2002) Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Mol Med 8:495–505
Elting JW, Jager AE de, Teelken AW et al. (2000) Comparison of serum S-100 protein levels following stroke and traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Sci 181:104–110
Fano G, Biocca S, Fulle S, Mariggio MA, Belia S, Calissano P (1995) The S-100: a protein family in search of a function. Prog Neurobiol 46:71–82
Fassbender K, Schmidt R, Schreiner A, Fatar M, Muhlhauser F, Daffertshofer M, Hennerici M (1997) Leakage of brain-originated proteins in peripheral blood: temporal profile and diagnostic value in early ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 148:101–105
Fries M, Kunz D, Gressner AM, Rossaint R, Kuhlen R (2003) Procalcitonin serum levels after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 59:105–109
Gao F, Harris DN, Sapsed-Byrne S, Sharp S (1997) Neurone-specific enolase and Sangtec 100 assays during cardiac surgery: Part I—The effects of heparin, protamine and propofol. Perfusion 12:163–165
Gao F, Harris DN, Sapsed-Byrne S, Sharp S (1997) Neurone-specific enolase and Sangtec 100 assays during cardiac surgery: Part III—Does haemolysis affect their accuracy? Perfusion 12:171–177
Gregorio C di, Fano RA, Criscuolo M (1984) Melanotic schwannoma: a case report. Appl Pathol 2:110–115
Gromov LA, Syrovatskaya LP, Ovinova GV (1992) Functional role of the neurospecific S-100 protein in the processes of memory. Neurosci Behav Physiol 22:25–29
Hachimi-Idrissi S, Auwera M van der, Schiettecatte J, Ebinger G, Michotte Y, Huyghens L (2002) S-100 protein as early predictor of regaining consciousness after out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 53:251–257
Haglid KG, Yang Q, Hamberger A, Bergman S, Widerberg A, Danielsen N (1997) S-100beta stimulates neurite outgrowth in the rat sciatic nerve grafted with acellular muscle transplants. Brain Res 753:196–201
Haimoto H, Hosoda S, Kato K (1987) Differential distribution of immunoreactive S100-alpha and S100-beta proteins in normal nonnervous human tissues. Lab Invest 57:489–498
Herrmann M, Ebert AD, Galazky I, Wunderlich MT, Kunz WS, Huth C (2000) Neurobehavioral outcome prediction after cardiac surgery: role of neurobiochemical markers of damage to neuronal and glial brain tissue. Stroke 31:645–650
Hill MD, Jackowski G, Bayer N, Lawrence M, Jaeschke R (2000) Biochemical markers in acute ischemic stroke. CMAJ 162:1139–1140
Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Pope D, Orme JF, Bigler ED, Larson-Lohr V (1999) Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:50–56
Ingebrigsten T, Romner S, Marup-Jensen S et al. (2000) The clinical value of serum S-100 protein measurements in minor head injury: a Scandinavian multicentre study. Brain Inj 14:1047–1055
Johnsson P, Backstrom M, Bergh C, Jonsson H, Luhrs C, Alling C (2003) Increased S100B in blood after cardiac surgery is a powerful predictor of late mortality. Ann Thorac Surg 75:162–168
Jones C, Griffiths RD, Humphris G (2000) Disturbed memory and amnesia related to intensive care. Memory 8:79–94
Jonsson H, Johnsson P, Alling C, Westaby S, Blomquist S (1998) Significance of serum S100 release after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 65:1639–1644
Jonsson H, Johnsson P, Alling C, Backstrom M, Bergh C, Blomquist S (1999) S100beta after coronary artery surgery: release pattern, source of contamination, and relation to neuropsychological outcome. Ann Thorac Surg 68:2202–2208
Jonsson H, Johnsson P, Hoglund P, Alling C, Blomquist S (2000) Elimination of S100B and renal function after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14:698–701
Jonsson H, Johnsson P, Birch-Iensen M, Alling C, Westaby S, Blomquist S (2001) S100B as a predictor of size and outcome of stroke after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 71:1433–1437
Kapural M, Krizanac-Bengez LJ, Barnett G et al. (2002) Serum S-100beta as a possible marker of blood-brain barrier disruption. Brain Res 940:102–104
Karpiak SE, Serokosz M, Rapport MM (1976) Effects of antisera to S-100 protein and to synaptic membrane fraction on maze performance and EEG. Brain Res 102:313–321
Kato K, Kimura S (1985) S100ao (alpha alpha) protein is mainly located in the heart and striated muscles. Biochim Biophys Acta 842:146–150
Kim JS, Yoon SS, Kim YH, Ryu JS (1996) Serial measurement of interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta, and S-100 protein in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 27:1553–1557
Löffler G, Petrides PE (Hrsg) (2003) Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, 7. völlig neu bearb. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Martens P, Raabe A, Johnsson P (1998) Serum S-100 and neuron-specific enolase for prediction of regaining consciousness after global cerebral ischemia. Stroke 29:2363–2366
Missler U, Wiesmann M, Friedrich C, Kaps M (1997) S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase concentrations in blood as indicators of infarction volume and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 28:1956–1960
Moore BW (1965) A soluble protein characteristic of the nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 19:739–743
Pelinka LE, Toegel E, Mauritz W, Redl H (2003) Serum S 100 B: a marker of brain damage in traumatic brain injury with and without multiple trauma. Shock 19:195–200
Pleines UE, Morgant-Kossmann MC, Rancan M, Joller H, Trentz O, Kossmann T (2001) S-100beta reflects the extent of injury and outcome, whereas neuronal specific enolase is a better indicator of neuroinflammation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 18:491–498
Raabe A, Seifert V (1999) Fatal secondary increase in serum S-100B protein after severe head injury. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 91:875–877
Raabe A, Grolms C, Keller M, Dohnert J, Sorge O, Seifert V (1998) Correlation of computed tomography findings and serum brain damage markers following severe head injury. Acta Neurochir 140:787–791
Reiber H (2001) Dynamics of brain-derived proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem Acta 310:173–186
Romner B, Ingebrigsten T, Kongstad P, Borgesen SE (2000) Traumatic brain damage: serum S-100 protein measurements related to neuroradiological findings. J Neurotrauma 17:641–647
Rosen H, Rosengren L, Herlitz J, Blomstrand C (1998) Increased serum levels of the S-100 protein are associated with hypoxic brain damage after cardiac arrest. Stroke 29:473–477
Rosen H, Sunnerhagen KS, Herlitz J, Blomstrand C, Rosengren L (2001) Serum levels of the brain-derived proteins S-100 and NSE predict long-term outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 49:183–191
Sapsed-Byrne S, Gao F, Harris DN (1997) Neurone-specific enolase and Sangtec 100 assays during cardiac surgery: Part II—Must samples be spun within 30 min? Perfusion 12:167–169
Schäfer BW, Heizmann CW (1996) The S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins: functions and pathology. Trends Biochem Sci 21:134–140
Selinfreund RH, Barger SW, Pledger WJ, Eldik LJ van (1991) Neurotrophic protein S100 beta stimulates glial cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:3554–3558
Tabuchi K, Ohnishi R, Nishimoto A, Isobe T, Okuyama T (1984) Reverse cellular distribution of calmodulin to S-100 protein in primate brain. Brain Res 298:353–357
Tiainen M, Roine RO, Pettila V, Takkunen O (2003) Serum neuron-specific enolase and S-100B protein in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia. Stroke 34:2881–2886
Unertl K, Kottler BM (1997) Prognostische Scores in der Intensivmedizin. Anaesthesist 46:471–480
Usui A, Kato K, Murase M, Hotta T, Tanaka M, Takeuchi E, Abe T (1994) Neural tissue-related proteins (NSE, G0 alpha, 28-kDa calbindin-D, S100b and CK-BB) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after cardiac arrest. J Neurol Sci 123:134–139
Vries J de, Thijssen WA, Snels SE, Menovsky T, Peer NG, Lamers KJ (2001) Intraoperative values of S-100 protein, myelin basic protein, lactate, and albumin in the CSF and serum of neurosurgical patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:671–674
Westaby S, Saatvedt K, White S et al. (2000) Is there a relationship between serum S-100beta protein and neuropsychologic dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 119:132–137
Woertgen C, Rothoerl RD, Holzschuh M, Metz C, Brawanski A (1997) Comparison of serial S-100 and NSE serum measurements after severe head injury. Acta Neurochir 139:1161–1164
Woertgen C, Rothoerl RD, Metz C, Brawanski A (1999) Comparison of clinical, radiologic, and serum marker as prognostic factors after severe head injury. J Trauma 47:1126–1130
Wunderlich MT, Ebert AD, Kratz T, Goertler M, Jost S, Herrmann M (1999) Early neurobehavioral outcome after stroke is related to release of neurobiochemical markers of brain damage. Stroke 30:1190–1195
Zimmer DB, Cornwall EH, Landar A, Song W (1995) The S100 protein family: history, function, and expression. Brain Res Bull 37:417–429
Interessenkonflikt:
Der korrespondierende Autor versichert, dass keine Verbindungen mit einer Firma, deren Produkt in dem Artikel genannt ist, oder einer Firma, die ein Konkurrenzprodukt vertreibt, bestehen.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fries, M., Bickenbach, J., Beckers, S. et al. Neuromonitoring in der Intensivmedizin mit S-100 Protein. Anaesthesist 53, 959–964 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-004-0743-8
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-004-0743-8