Abstract
The immunological background for the process of tumor growth is still obscure. However, our understanding of what happens could have important consequences, namely in the context of cancer immunotherapy. A tumor is able to grow in the host environment either because it is recognizable as normal tissue and tolerated by host immune cells, or because it can “escape” from host immunosurveillance. According to the second option the mechanisms of tumor recognition and consequent destruction are actively disturbed by such processes as: change of tumor immunogenicity, production of tumor-derived regulatory molecules, and interaction of cancer cells with tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The results of studies devoted to the problem of immunoregulation in the tumor environment seem to support the “escape” hypothesis.
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Abbreviations
- TAA:
-
Tumor-associated antigens
- ROI:
-
Reactive oxygen intermediates
- NK:
-
Natural killer cells
- NKT:
-
Natural killer T cells
- CTL:
-
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- STAT-1:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1
- TGF:
-
Transforming growth factor
- bFGF:
-
Basic fibroblast growth factor
- FGF:
-
Fibroblast growth factor
- PDGF:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor
- EGF:
-
Epidermal growth factor
- VEGF:
-
Vascular-endothelial growth factor
- HIF-1α:
-
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- PGE2 :
-
Prostaglandin E2
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- MMPs:
-
Matrix metalloproteinases
- PI3K:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- Akt:
-
Protein kinases B
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- CAFs:
-
Cancer-associated fibroblasts
- TAMs:
-
Tumor-associated macrophages
- NRP:
-
Neuropilin
- MDSC:
-
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- CCL:
-
Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand
- CXCL:
-
Chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand
- HLA:
-
Human leukocyte antigen
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor-κB
- KIR:
-
Killing inhibitory receptor
- ILT:
-
Immunoglobulin-like transcript
- DCs:
-
Dendritic cells
- NKG2:
-
Activating receptor of NK cells
- NKp44:
-
NK cell p44-related protein
- CCR:
-
Chemokine (C–C motif) receptor
- CXCR:
-
Chemokine (C–X–C motif) receptor
- LMP:
-
Low-molecular mass polypeptide
- MART-1/MelanA:
-
Melanoma-associated antigen recognized by T cells
- IDO:
-
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- RCAS1:
-
Cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TRAIL:
-
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- c-FLIP:
-
Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1 converting enzyme inhibitory protein
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase-2
- 15-PGDH:
-
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- TCR:
-
T cell receptor
- MC:
-
Mast cells
- RANTES:
-
Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted
- Tregs:
-
T regulatory cells
- TILs:
-
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
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Wilczyński, J.R., Duechler, M. How do Tumors Actively Escape from Host Immunosurveillance?. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 58, 435–448 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-010-0102-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-010-0102-1