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Anatomical study of retrosternal gastric esophagoplasties

Etude anatomique des œsophagoplasties gastriques rétro-sternales

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Summary

Five currently used procedures of gastric esophagoplasty were done in 5 groups of 14 embalmed human cadavers. These procedures were: whole gastric intrathoracic transposition (Kirschner's procedure) isoperistaltic gastric cone (Akiyama's procedure) isoperistaltic gastric tube (Rutkowski's or Lortat-Jacob's procedure); isoperistaltic gastric tube with resection of the lesser curvature; anisoperistaltic gastric tube with intrahilar splenectomy (Gavriliu's, Heimlich's procedure). Gastric morphometry and ascinding vascularization ability and quality of the vascular network were assessed. Injection of plastic dye was used to evaluate the vascularization of the grafts. In 13 out of 14 grafts, whole gastric transposition extended above the sternal notch, for a mean distance of 7.7±4.9 cm. This basic performance was significantly correlated to the dimensions of the greater and lesser curvatures and to the cardioxiphoid, sternal and hyosternal distances. Absent or poor injection of the distal arterial network, over a mean distance of 3.6±0.8 cm, was seen in all 14 grafts. Study of the isoperistaltic gastric cone demonstrated that the graft extended above the sternal notch in all 14 cases. The mean distance of the graft segment above the sternal notch was 5.0±3.0 cm. This basic performance showed a significant correlation only with the dimensions of the greater and lesser curvatures. Absent or poor injection of the distal arterial network of the gastric cones was seen in 9/14 cases, the mean length of the devascularized segment being 1.3±1.3 cm. Subsequent to resection of the distal zone showing poor vascularization, 13 out of the 14 isoperistaltic cones still extended above the sternal notch. The mean length of the segment above the sternal notch was 3.7±2.6 cm. All 14 isoperistaltic gastric tubes (without resection of the lesser curvature) extended above the sternal notch. The mean length of the segment above the notch was 15.1±7.1 cm. This basic performance showed a statistically significant correlation only with the minimum pylorodiaphragmatic distance subsequent to extensive Kocher's manoeuver. Of these 14 gastric tubes, 9 showed poor or no vascularization of their distal arterial network. The mean length of the poorly injected segment was 8.0±1.8 cm. Subsequent to resection of the poorly vascularized territory, 12/14 grafts were still found to extend above the sternal notch. The mean length of the segment above the sternal notch was 7.1±6.9 cm. Evaluation of the isoperistaltic gastric tube with resection of the lesser curvature demonstrated that the graft extended above the sternal notch in 13 out of 14 cases, the mean length of the segment above the notch measuring 10.6±6.0 cm. This basic performance did not significantly correlate with any of the morphometric parameters assessed in this study. Of these 14 gastric tubes, 10 presented no or poor injection of their distal arterial network. The mean length of the poorly vascularized segment was 3.1±3.9 cm. After resection of the poorly injected territory, 13/14 plasties still extended above the sternal notch for a mean distance of 6.7±6.2 cm. Of the 14 anisoperistaltic gastric tubes, 13 were seen to extend above the sternal notch. The mean length of the segment above the notch was 10.9±6.7 cm. This basic performance was significantly correlated only with the length of the greater curvature. Only 2 of these 14 gastric tubes showed no or poor injection of their distal arterial network. The length of the poorly vascularized segment measured 2 cm in one case and 3 cm in the other. After resection of the poorly injected territory 13/14 tubes still extended above the sternal notch for a mean distance of 10.5±6.9 cm. No significant difference regarding ascensional or vascular performance was observed when the different vascular patterns of the greater gastric curvature were compared to one another. Extrinsic obstruction to vascular injection was not seen in any of the 70 plasties studied. On the basis of our results the five types of esophagoplasty can be ranked regarding overall anatomical performance in the following descending order: 1) anisoperistaltic gastric tube with intrahilar splenectomy 2) isoperistaltic gastric tube 3) isoperistaltic gastric tube with resection of the lesser curvature 4) whole gastric intrathoracic transposition 5) isoperistaltic gastric cone. However, a statistically significant difference in overall anatomical performance was found only when the anisoperistaltic gastric tube was compared to the isoperistaltic gastric cone.

Résumé

La morphométrie, la vascularisation de l'estomac, les performances ascensionnelles brutes de la plastie, la qualité de la vascularisation artérielle et veineuse du haut greffon, le reste du greffon bien vascularisé au cou ont été mesurés dans cinq groupes de 14 cadavres opérés selon l'une des cinq méthodes couramment utilisées d'œsophagoplastie gastrique rétrosternale, par injection in situ et dans le sens physiologique des artères et veines du greffon au plastique. La plastic par estomac entier est montée 13 fois sur 14 au-dessus de la clavicule de 7,7±4,9 cm; cette ascension brute était corrélée significativement à l'importance de la grande et de la petite courbure gastrique et aux mesures reflétant la longueur du trajet à parcourir: cardio-xiphoïdienne, sternale, hyo-sternale. Quatorze sur 14 de ces plasties étaient artériellement dévascularisées à leur extrémité de 3,6±0,8 cm. Une sur 14 présentait en outre un obstacle au retour veineux sur 3 cm. Après résection du territoire dévascularisé, 13/14 plasties parvenaient à 4,1±5 cm au-dessus de la clavicule. La plastic par cône isopéristaltique est montée dans 14 cas sur 14 au niveau de la clavicule ou au-dessus, la dépassant de 5±3 cm. Ses performances brutes n'étaient plus corrélées qu'aux dimensions propres de l'estomac (petite et grande courbures). Neuf cas sur 14 présentaient 1,3±1,3 cm de territoire artériellement dévascularisé; aucun ne présentait d'obstacle au retour veineux, de sorte qu'après résection des territoires dévascularisé, 13/14 montaient à 3,7±2,6 cm au-dessus de la clavicule. Le tube isopéristaltique sans résection de la petite courbure est monté dans tous les cas au cou à 15,1±7,1 cm, ne corrélant cette ascension qu'à la pyloro-diaphragmatique, soit à la possibilité de mobiliser le pylore mais tous les cas ont dû être amputés de 8±1,8 cm de territoire artériellement dévascularisé, en outre mal drainé dans deux cas. Après cette résection, 12 tubes sur 14 dépassaient la clavicule de 7,1±6,9 cm. Treize tubes isopéristaltiques avec résection de la petite courbure sur 14 dépassaient la clavicule de 10,6±6 cm, ne corrélant plus leur performance à aucun paramètre morphométrique choisi. Dix cas sur 14 présentaient une dévascularisation artérielle de 3,1±3,9 cm, et mixte artérielle et veineuse dans deux cas, ce qui laissait 6,7±6,2 cm utilisables après résection. Treize tubes anisopéristaltiques sur 14 dépassaient la clavicule de 10,9±6,7 cm, ne corrélant leur performance ascensionnelle qu'à la grande courbure. Deux tubes seulement étaient dévascularisés sur 2 et 3 cm, l'un d'entre eux étant aussi mal drainé sur 3 cm, ce qui laissait 10,5±6,9 cm utilisables après résection. Aucune différence de vascularisation significative selon le type d'arcade vasculaire de la grande courbure n'a pu être mise en évidence. Aucun obstacle à l'injection n'a été rencontré dans le trajet de la plastie: Au total, par ordre de performances anatomo-technique décroissant, les cinq plasties se classent dans l'ordre suivant: tube anisopéristaltique, tube isopéristaltique, tube isopéristaltique, estomac entier, cône isopéristaltique, mais la signification des différences de performance n'a pu être mise en évidence qu'entre le premier et les deux derniers greffons.

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Koskas, F., Gayet, B. Anatomical study of retrosternal gastric esophagoplasties. Anat. Clin 7, 237–256 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01784641

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