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Bone transplantation

  • Historical Review
  • Published:
Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

According to one principle of surgery, the transplantation of vital tissue is the best method of reconstructing a defect. Because of absent immunologic reactions, high osteogenic potency, and preserved stability, transplantation of autogenous bone shows the best results. Necrosis of transplanted bone, leading inevitibly to absorption and remodeling of the graft, can be avoided if microsurgically vascularized autogenous bone segments are transferred. Disadvantages are the low availability and the necessity of additional operations. As an alternative, deep-frozen allogeneic bone is used. However, this kind of bone shows delayed incorporation based on cellular and humoral immune reactions, and it is also installed into the host bed after overcoming the immune barrier. The risk of microbiological contamination or transmission of unrecognized germs such as HIV is a cause of great expense in bone banking techniques. If one succeeds in reducing (a) the immunologic defense reaction and (b) the risk of infection by sterilization or disinfection without damaging the osteoinductive proteins of bone matrix, the rate of complications can be lowered. Demineralized bone matrix can be used if biomechanical stability is not required. Its ability to induce osteogenesis without a major immune reaction or the risk of transmitting diseases justifies its clinical application. Further intensive research in these areas is unavoidable.

Zusammenfassung

Ein Grundprinzip der Chirurgie lautet, daß die Übertragung von vitalem Gewebe die beste Methode zur Rekonstruktion eines Defekts darstellt. Aufgrund fehlender Immunreaktionen, hoher osteogenetischer Potenz und erhaltener Stabilität können daher mit der Transplantation autogenen Knochens die besten Ergehnisse erzielt werden. Die Nekrose des transplantierten Knochens, die unweigerlich zu Resorption und Umbau führen, kann umgangen werden, wenn mikrochirurgisch-vasklarisierte, autogene Knochensegmente Anwendung finden. Nachteile autogener Transplantate bestehen in ihrer geringen Verfügbarkeit und der Notwendigkeit zusätzlicher Operationen. Alternativ wird daher tiefgefrorener allogener Knochen verwendet. Nach Überwindung der Immunschranke, basierend auf zellu lären und humoralen Immunreaktionen, wird dieser wenn auch verzögert in das Wirtslager eingebaut. Die Gefahr der mikrobiologischen Kontamination und das Risiko einer Übertragung nicht erkannter Keime, insbesondere HIV, bedingen einen hohen Aufwand der Knochenbanktechnik. Gelingt es, durch geeignete Verfahren (a) die immunologische Abwehr und (b) durch Desinfektion oder Sterilisation die Infektionsgefahr zu reduzieren, ohne die osteoinduktiven Proteine der Knochenmatrix zu zerstören, kann die heute noch hohe Komplikationsrate gesenkt werden. Demineralisierte Knochenmatrix stellt deshalb eine Alternative als Knochenersatz dar. Ihre osteogenetischen Eigenschaften bei fast vollständigem Fehlen einer Immunreaktion oder der Gefahr, eine Infektionskrankheit zu übertragen, rechtfertigen ihren Einsatz in der Klinik. Weitere intensive Forschung auf diesen Gebieten bleibt jedoch unverzichtbar.

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  1. Chirurgische Klinik Innenstadt der Universität München, Nußbaumstrasse 20, D-8000, München 2, Germany

    L. Schweiberer, H. Stützle & H. K. Mandelkow

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Schweiberer, L., Stützle, H. & Mandelkow, H.K. Bone transplantation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 109, 1–8 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00441902

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