Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: An experimental study of its importance in rotatory knee instability

  • Original Articles
  • Published:
Archives of orthopaedic and traumatic surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The importance of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in relation to valgus-varus and axial rotation stability in the knee joint was investigated. Mobility patterns were drawn from ten osteoligamentous preparations after successive transection of the two parts of the ACL and the medial (MCL) and lateral collateral ligaments (LCL). The knee joint remained grossly stable after partial injury of the ACL, while sectioning of the entire ACL caused an increase in internal rotation in the extended-semiflexed position. Combined lesions to the ACL and the MCL caused considerable valgus instability increasing with flexion, the joints remaining stable in extension. Moreover, marked anteromedial instability occurred, while only slight posteromedial instability was found. Combined lesions to the ACL and the LCL caused varus instability, worst in the semiflexed position, and a consistent pivot shift in applying a valgus torque in flexion was noted. Moreover, moderate posterolateral instability was found, at its maximum in the semiflexed position. External rotatory stability is secured primarily by the MCL, secondarily by the posterior medial capsule, and finally by the ACL. The existence of lateral pivot shift is proof of damage to the ACL.

Zusammenfassung

Die Bedeutung des vorderen Kreuzbandes (ACL) des menschlichen Kniegelenkes bezüglich der Varus-Valgus- and der axialen Rotationsinstabilität wurde untersucht. An osteoligamentären Kniegelenkpräparaten werden die Bewegungsabläufe nach schrittweiser Duchtrennung der beiden Anteile des ACL and des medialen (MCL) und lateralen (LCL) Seitenbandes aufgezeichnet. Das Kniegelenk blieb nach nur teilweiser Durchtrennung des ACL im wesentlichen stabil, während eine vollständige Durchtrennung eine zunehmende Innenrotation, sowohl bei voller Streckung als auch in halbgebeugter Stellung des Kniegelenkes zur Folge hatte. Kombinierte Verletzungen des ACL and des MCL riefen bei zunehmender Beugung eine beträchtliche Valgus-Instabilität hervor, wobei das Gelenk bei vol ler Streckung jedoch immer noch stabil war. Darüber hinaus konnte eine deutliche anteromediale — bei nur geringer posteromedialer — Rotationsinstabilität verzeichnet werden. Eine kombinierte Durchtrennung des ACL and des LCL erzeugte eine Varus-Instabilität, am deutlichsten in halbgebeugter Stellung des Gelenkes. Regelmaßig konnte ein Pivotshift-Phänomen ausgelöst werden. Hinzu kam eine mäßige posterolaterale Instabilität mit maximaler Ausprägung in halbgebeugter Stellung. Die außenrotatorische Stabilität des Kniegelenkes wird in erster Linie durch das MCL, danach durch die hintere Gelenkkapsel and erst zuletzt durch das ACL gewährleistet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abbott LC, Saunders JB de CM, Bost FC, Anderson CE (1944) Injuries to the ligaments of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 26:503–521

    Google Scholar 

  2. Crowninshield R, Pope MH, Johnson RJ (1976) An analytical model of the knee. J Biomech 9:397–405

    Google Scholar 

  3. Furman W, Marchall JL, Girgis FG (1976) The anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 58:179–185

    Google Scholar 

  4. Galway HR, MacIntosh DL (1980) The lateral pivot shift: a symptom and sign of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Clin Orthop 147:45–50

    Google Scholar 

  5. Galway HR, Beaupre A, MacIntosh DL (1972) Pivot shift: a clinical sign of symptomatic anterior cruciate insufficiency. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 54:763

    Google Scholar 

  6. Girgis FG, Marchall JL, Al Monajem ARS (1975) The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. Clin Orthop 106:216–231

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, Moschi A (1976) Classification of knee ligaments instabilities. Part 1. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 58:159–172

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, Moschi A (1976) Classification of knee ligaments instabilities. Part 2. The lateral compartment. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 58:173–179

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kennedy JC, Hawkins RJ, Willis RB (1977) Strain gauge analysis of knee ligaments. Clin Orthop 129:225–229

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lipke JM, Janecki CJ, Nelson CL, McLeod P, Thompson C, Thompson J, Haynes DW (1981) The role of incompetence of the anterior cruciate and lateral ligaments in anterolateral and anteromedial instability. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 63:954–960

    Google Scholar 

  11. Nielsen S, Cromann-Andersen C, Rasmussen O, Anderssen K (1984) Instability of cadaver knees after transection of capsule and ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand 55:30–34

    Google Scholar 

  12. Nielsen S, Rasmussen O, Ovesen J, Andersen K (1984) Rotatory instability of cadaver knees after transection of collateral ligaments and capsule. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 103:165–169

    Google Scholar 

  13. Norwood LA, Hughston JC (1980) Combined anterolateral-anteromedial instability of the knee. Clin Orthop 147:62–67

    Google Scholar 

  14. Seering WP, Piziali RL, Nagel DA, Schurman DJ (1980) The function of the primary ligaments of the knee in varusvalgus and axial rotation. J Biomech 13:785–794

    Google Scholar 

  15. Slocum DB, Larson R (1968) Rotatory instability of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 50:211–225

    Google Scholar 

  16. Trent PS, Walker PS, Wolf B (1976) Ligament length patterns, strength, and rotational axes of the knee joint. Clin Orthop 117:263–270

    Google Scholar 

  17. Wang CJ, Walker P, Wolf B (1973) The effects of flexion and rotation on the length patterns of the ligaments of the knee. J Biomech 6:587–596

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nielsen, S., Ovesen, J. & Rasmussen, O. The anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: An experimental study of its importance in rotatory knee instability. Arch. Orth. Traum. Surg. 103, 170–174 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00435549

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00435549

Keywords

Navigation