Abstract
The animal amphetamine model of schizophrenia has been based primarily on stereotyped behavior. The present study sought to demonstrate an amphetamine-induced deficit in attentional processes. To this end, the effects of acute and chronic (14 days) 1.5 mg/kg dl-amphetamine administration on the ability of rats to ignore irrelevant stimuli were examined using the paradigm of latent inhibition (LI) in a conditioned emotional response (CER) procedure. The procedure consisted of three stages: pre-exposure, in which the to-be-conditoned stimulus, tone, was presented without being followed by reinforcement; acquisition, in which the pre-exposed tone was paired with shock; and test, in which LI was indexed by animals' suppression of licking during tone presentation. Experiment 1 showed that chronic but not acute treatment abolished LI. Experiment 2 showed that animals receiving chronic amphetamine pretreatment but pre-exposed and conditioned without the drug, exhibited normal LI. In Experiment 3, animals which received chronic amphetamine pretreatment and were pre-exposed under the drug but conditioned without it, also showed normal LI. The implications of these results for the animal amphetamine model of schizophrenia are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bauman E, Kolysnik E (1976) Interference effects in schizophrenic short term meory. J Abnorm Psychol 85:303–308
Bleuler E (1966) Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. Academic Press, New York (originally published in 1911)
Broen WE (1968) Schizophrenia: Research and theory. Academic Press, New York
Chapman LJ, Chapman JP (1973) Disordered thought in schizophrenia. Prentice Hall, New York
Deutsch JA, Deutsch D (1963) Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychol Rev 70:80–90
Domjan M, Siegel S (1971) Conditioned suppression following CS preexposure. Psychonom Sci 25:11–12
Garmezy N (1977) The psychology and psychopathology of attention. Schiz Bull 3:360–368
Hemsley DR (1976) Attention and information processing in schizophrenia. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 15:199–209
Kokkinidis L, Anisman H (1980) Amphetamine models of paranoid schizophrenia: An overview and elaboration of animal experimentation. Psychol Bull 3:551–579
Kraepelin E (1919) Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. E & S Livingston, Edinburg (originally published in 1913)
Krauter EE (1973) Habituation and latent inhibition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester
Lang PJ, Buss AH (1965) Psychological deficit in schizphrenia. II. Interference and activation. J Abnorm Psychol 70:77–1106
Lubow RE (1973) Latent inhibition. Psychol Bull 79:398–407
Lubow RE, Weiner I, Schnur P (1981) Conditioned attention theory. In: Bower GH (ed) The psychology of learning and motivation, vol 15. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–49
Lubow RE, Weiner I, Feldon J (1982) An animal model of attention. In: Spiegelstein MY, Levy A (eds) Behavioral models and the analysis of drug action. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 89–107
Mackintosh NJ (1973) Stimulus selection: Learning to ignore stimuli that predict no change in reinforcement. In: Hinde RA, Hinde JS (eds) Constraints of learning: Limitations and predispositions. Academic Press, Cambridge, England, pp 79–100
Mackintosh NJ (1975) A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychol Rev 82:276–298
Marshall WL (1973) Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. I. Stimulus analysing and response selection processes. Br J Psychiatry 123:413–421
Matthysse S, Spring BJ, Sugarman J (eds) (1979) Attention and information processing in schizophrenia. Pergamon Press, Oxford
McGhie A (1977) Attention and perception in schizophrenia. In: Maher BA (ed) Contributions to the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Academic Press, New York, pp 57–96
McGhie A, Chapman J (1961) Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br J Med Psychol 34:103–116
Moore JW (1979) Brain processes and conditioning. In: Dickinson A, Boakes RA (eds) Mechanisms of learning and motivation: A Memorial volume for Jerzy Konorski, Earlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 111–142
Overton DA (1968) Dissociated learning in drug states (state-dependent learning). In: Efron DH, Cole JO, Levine J, Wittenborn R (eds) Psychopharmacology: A review of progress. PHS Publication 1836, United States Government Office, Washington DC, pp 918–930
Payne RW (1966) The measurement and significance of overinclusive thinking and retardation in schizophrenic patients. In: Hoch P, Zubin J (eds) Psychopathology of schizophrenia. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 77–97
Reiss S, Wagner AR (1972) CS habituation produces a “latent inhibition effect” but no active “conditioned inhibition”. Learn Motiv 3:237–245
Rescorla RA (1971) Summation and retardation tests of latent inhibition. J Comp Physiol Psychol 75:77–81
Russell PN, Consedine CE, Knight RC (1980) Visual and memory search by process schizophrenics. J Abnorm Psychol 89:109–114
Segal DS (1975) Behavioral and neurochemical correlates of repeated d-amphetamine administration. In: Mandell AJ (ed) Neurobiological mechanisms of adaptation and behavior. Raven Press, New York, pp 247–263
Segal DS, Janowsky DW (1978) Psychostimulant-induced behavioral effects: Possible models of schizophrenia. In Lipton A, DiMascio A, Killam KF (eds) Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1113–1123
Shakow D (1962) Segmental set: A theory of the formal psychological deficit in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 6:17–33
Shiffrin RM (1976) Capacity limitations in information processing, attention and memory. In: Estes WK (ed) Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol 4. Earlbaum. Hillsdale, pp 177–236
Shiffrin RM, Schneider W (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing. II: Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychol Rev 84:127–190
Solomon PR, Kiney CA, Scott DS (1978) Disruption of latent inhibition following systematic administration of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Physiol Behav 20:265–271
Solomon PR, Lohr CA, Moore JW (1974) Latent inhibition of the rabbit's nictitating response: summation tests for active inhibition as a function of a number of CS preexposures. Bull Psychonom Soc 4:557–559
Solomon PR, Crider A, Winkelman JW, Turi A, Kramer RM, Kaplan LJ (1981) Disrupted latent inhibition in the rat with chronic amphetamine or haloperidol-induced supersensitivity: Relationship to schizophrenic attention disorder. Biol Psychiatry 16:519–537
Underwood G (1976) attention and memory. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Venables PH (1964) Input dysfunction in schizophrenia. In: Maher BA (ed) Progress in experimental personality research, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–47
Weiner I (1983) The effects of amphetamine on latent inhibition: Tests of the animal amphetamine model of schizophrenia using selected learning paradigms. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tel Aviv University
Weiner I, Lubow RE, Feldon J (1981) Chronic amphetamine and latent inhibition. Behav Brain Res 2:285–286
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weiner, I., Lubow, R.E. & Feldon, J. Abolition of the expression but not the acquisition of latent inhibition by chronic amphetamine in rats. Psychopharmacology 83, 194–199 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429734
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429734