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Glaucoma and the Applications of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

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Carbonic Anhydrase: Mechanism, Regulation, Links to Disease, and Industrial Applications

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 75))

Abstract

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) has pharmacologic applications in the treatment of glaucoma, a disease affecting a large number of people and characterized by an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). At least three isoforms, CA II, IV and XII are targeted by the sulfonamide inhibitors, some of which are clinically used drugs. Acetazolamide, methazolamide and dichlorophenamide are first generation CA inhibitors (CAIs) still used as systemic drugs for the management of this disease. Dorzolamide and brinzolamide represent the second generation inhibitors, being used topically, as eye drops, with less side effects compared to the first generation drugs. Third generation inhibitors have been developed by using the tail approach, but they did not reach the clinics yet. The most promising such derivatives are the sulfonamides incorporating either tails with nitric oxide releasing moieties or hybrid drugs possessing prostaglandin (PG) F agonist moieties in their molecules. Recently, the dithiocarbamates have also been described as CAIs possessing IOP lowering effects in animal models of glaucoma. CAIs are used alone or in combination with other drugs such as adrenergic agonist/antagonists, or PG analogs, being an important component of the antiglaucoma drugs armamentarium.

Susan C. Frost and Robert McKenna (eds.). Carbonic Anhydrase: Mechanism, Regulation, Links to Disease, and Industrial Applications

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Acknowledgments

Research from our laboratory was financed by several grants of the 6th and 7th Framework Programs of the European Union (DeZnIT, Metoxia and Dynano projects).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio di Chimcia Bioinorganica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy

    Andrea Scozzafava

  2. NEUROFARBA Department, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Florence, Italy

    Claudiu T. Supuran

Authors
  1. Andrea Scozzafava
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  2. Claudiu T. Supuran
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claudiu T. Supuran .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Susan C. Frost

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Robert McKenna

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Scozzafava, A., Supuran, C.T. (2014). Glaucoma and the Applications of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. In: Frost, S., McKenna, R. (eds) Carbonic Anhydrase: Mechanism, Regulation, Links to Disease, and Industrial Applications. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 75. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7359-2_17

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