Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Colorectal Carcinoma

  • Chapter
Prognostic Factors in Cancer

Abstract

In 1991, an “International Documentation System for Colorectal Cancer (IDS for CRC)” was published by an international working party chaired by L.P. Fielding [32]. It includes a comprehensive overview on prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma. Since then only a limited number of relevant papers have appeared, mainly confirming known factors or presenting preliminary data on possible new biological or molecular markers. Thus, this chapter is necessarily a condensed and updated version of the detailed description of prognostic factors by the IDS for CRC. Correspondingly, aside from key references only publications from the last 5 years are cited; for older literature see surveys [1, 22, 32].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abulafi AM, Williams NS (1994) Local recurrence of colorectal cancer: the problem, mecha¬nisms, management and adjuvant therapy. Br J Surg 81: 7–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Akerley WL, Moritz TE, Ryan LS, Henderson WG, Zacharski LR (1993) Racial comparison of outcome of male Department of Veterans Affairs patients with lung and colon cancer. Arch Intern Med 153: 1681–1688

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Al-Sheneber IF, Shibata HR, Sampalis J, Jothy S (1993) Prognostic significance of proliferat¬ing cell antigen expression in colorectal cancer. Cancer 71: 1954–1959

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ambros PA, Pawel BB, Meshcheryakov I, Kotrotsios J, Lambert WC, Trost RC (1990) Nuclear morphometry as a prognostic indicator in colorectal carcinoma resected for cure. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 12: 172–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anderson SN, Rognum TO, Lund E, Meling GI, Hauge S (1993) Strong HLA-DR expression in large bowel carcinomas is associated with good prognosis. Br J Cancer 68: 80–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Arnaud JP, Schloegel M, Oilier JC, Adloff M (1991) Colorectal cancer in patients over 80 ears of age. Dis Colon Rectum 34: 896–898

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Auvinen A (1992) Social class and colon cancer survival in Finland. Cancer 70: 402–409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bardi G, Johansson B, Pandis N, Bak-Jensen E, Orndel C, Heim S, Mandahl N, Andren- Sandberg A, Mitelman F (1993) Cytogenetic aberrations in colorectal adenocarcinomas and their correlation with clinico-pathologic features. Cancer 71: 306–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bauer K, Bagwell C, Giaretti W, Melamed M, Zarbo R, Witzig T, Rabinovitch P (1993) Consensus review of the clinical utility of DNA flow cytometry in colorectal cancer. Cytometry 14: 486–491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Beahrs OH, Henson DE, Hutter RVP, Kennedy BJ (eds) (1992) American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) manual for staging of cancer, 4th edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bell SM, Scott N, Cross D, Sagar P, Lewis FA, Blair GE, Taylor GR, Dixon MF, Quirke P (1993) Prognostic value of p53 overexpression and c-Ki-ras gene mutations in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 104: 57–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Benhattar J, Losi L, Chaubert P, Givel JC, Costa J (1993) Prognostic significance of K-ras mutations in colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 104: 1044–1048

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bentzen SM, Balslev I, Pedersen M, Teglbjaerg PS, Hanberg-Srensen F, Bone J, Jacobsen NO, Sell A, Overgaard J, Bertelsen K (1992) Time to loco-regional recurrence after resection of Dukes’B and C colorectal cancer with or without adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy. A multivariate regression analysis. Br J Cancer 65: 102–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bottger TC, Potratz D, Stockle M, Wellek S, Klupp J, Junginger T (1993) Prognostic value of DNA analysis in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 72: 3579–3587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Busch OR, Hop WC, Hoynck van Papendrecht MA, Marquet RL, Jeekel J (1993) Blood transfusions and prognosis in colorectal cancer. New Engl J Med 328: 1372–1376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Campo E, Miquel R, Jares P, Bosch F, Juan M, Leone A, Vives J, Cardesa A, Yague J (1994) Prognostic significance of the loss of heterozygosity of nm23-Hl and p53 genes in human colorectal carcinomas. Cancer 73: 2913–2921

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Chapuis PH, Dent OF, Fisher R, Newland RC, Pheils MT, Smyth E, Colquhoun KA (1985) A multivariate analysis of clinical and pathological variables in prognosis after resection of large bowel cancer. Br J Surg 72: 698–702

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chu D, Erickson C, Russell P, Lang N, Broadwater R, Westbrook K (1989) Elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in colorectal carcinoma ( CRC) predicts residual or recurrent disease but not survival. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 8: A474

    Google Scholar 

  19. Crucitti F, Sofo L, Doglietto GB, Bellantone R, Ratto C, Bossola M, Crucitti A (1991) Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer: current status and new trends. J Surg Oncol Suppl 2: 76–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Curley StA, Carlson GW, Shumate CR, Wishnow KI, Ames FC (1992) Extended resection for locally advanced colorectal carcinoma. Am J Surg 163: 553–559

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dean PA, Vernava AM III (1992) Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 35: 95–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Deans GT, Parks TG, Rowland BJ, Spence RAJ (1992) Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 79: 608–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. de Bruine AP, Wiggers T, Beek C, Volovics A, von Meyenfeldt M, Arends JW, Bosmann FT (1993) Endocrine cells in colorectal adenocarcinoma: incidence, hormone profile and prognos¬tic relevance. Int J Cancer 54: 765–771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Dworak O, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Mansmann U (1993) Prognostic significance of lymph nodes in rectal carcinoma. Cancer Detect Prevent 17: 198

    Google Scholar 

  25. Edler L, Heim ME, Quintero C, Brummer T, Queisser W (1986) Prognostic factors of advanced colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 22: 1231–1237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Enblad G, Enblad P, Adami H-O, Glimelius B, Krusemo U, Pahlman L (1990) Relationship between age and survival in cancer of the colon and rectum with special reference to patients less than 40 years of age. Br J Surg 77: 611–617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Faenza A, Cunsolo A, Selleri S, Lucarelli S, Farneti PA, Gozzetti G (1992) Correlation between plasma or blood transfusion and survival after curative surgery for colorectal cancer. Int Surg 77: 264–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fazio VW, Tjandra J J (1991) Primary therapy of carcinoma of the large bowel. World J Surg 15: 586–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Fielding LP (1988) The portal vein and colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 75: 402–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fielding LP, Stewart-Brown S, Dudley HA (1978) Surgeon-related variables and the clinical trial. Lancet ii: 778–779

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fielding LP, Phillips RKS, Fry JS, Hittinger R (1986) Prediction of outcome after curative resection for large bowel cancer. Lancet ii: 904–906

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fielding LP, Arsenault PA, Chapuis PH, Dent O, Gatright B, Hardcastle JD, Hermanek P, Jass JR, Newland RC (1991) Clinico-pathological staging for colorectal cancer: an International Documentation System (IDS) and an International Comprehensive Anatomical Terminology ( ICAT ). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 6: 325–344

    Google Scholar 

  33. Finkelstein SD, Sayegh R, Bakker A, Swalsky P (1993) Determination of tumor aggressiveness in colorectal cancer by K-ras-2 analysis. Arch Surg 128: 526–532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Finkelstein SD, Sayegh R, Christensen S, Swalsky PA (1993) Genotypic classification of colorectal adenocarcinomas. Biologic behaviour correlates with K-ras-2 mutation type. Cancer 71: 3827–3838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gall FP, Tonak J, Altendorf A (1987) Multivisceral resections in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 30: 337–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Garcia-Peche P, Vazquez-Prado A, Fabra-Ramis R, Trullenque-Peris R (1991) Factors of prognostic value in long-term survival of colorectal cancer patients. Hepatogastroenterology 38: 438–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Graf W, Glimelius B, Pahlman I, Bergstrom R (1991) Determinants of prognosis in advanced colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 27: 1119–1123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Green JB, Timmcke AE, Mitchell WT, Hicks TC, Gatright JB Jr, Ray JE (1993) Mucinous carcinoma: just another colon cancer? Dis Colon Rect 36: 49–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Greenson JK, Isenhardt CE, Rice R, Mojzisik C, Houchens D, Martin EW Jr (1994) Identification of occult micrometastases in pericolic lymph nodes of Dukes’ B colorectal cancer patients using monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and CC49. Cancer 73: 563–569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Guadagni F, Roselli M, Cosimelli M, Spila A, Cavaliere F, Arcuri R, Abbolito MR, Greiner JW, Schlom J (1994) Biologic evaluation of tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 and carcino- embryonic antigen expression in colorectal cancer, part I. Dis Colon Rectum 37 [Suppl]: S16–S23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Hermanek P (1994) Einflußfaktoren für lymphgene Metastasierung bei frühen Formen des Rektumkarzinoms. In: Hermanek P, Marzoli GP (eds) Lokale Therapie des Rektumkarzinoms. Verfahren in kurativer Intention. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  42. Halvorsen TB, Seim E (1989) Association between invasiveness, inflammatory reaction, desmoplasia and survival in colorectal cancer. J Clin Pathol 42: 162–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hamelin R, Laurent-Puig P, Olschwang S, Jego N. Asselaim B, Remvikos Y, Girodet J, Salmon RJ, Thomas G (1994) Association of p53 mutations with short survival in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 106: 42–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hamada Y, Oishi A, Shoji T, Tahada H, Yamamura M, Hioki K, Yamamoto M (1992) Endocrine cells and prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 69: 2641–2646

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hamilton SR (1992) Molecular genetic alterations as potential prognostic indicators in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 69: 1589–1591

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Harlow S, Eriksen B, Poggensee L, Chmiel J, Scarpelli D, Murad T, Bauer K (1991) Prognostic implications of proliferative activity and DNA aneuploidy in Astler-Coller-Dukes stage C colonic adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 51: 2403–2409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Harrison JC, Dean PJ, El-Zeky F, Vander Zwaag R (1994) From Dukes through Jass: pathological prognostic indicators in rectal cancer. Hum Pathol 25: 498–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hauptmann S, Zwadlo-Kharwasser G, Härtung P, Klosterhalfen B, Kirkpatrick CJ, Mittermayer C (1994) Association of different macrophage phenotypes with infiltrating and non-infiltrating areas of tumor-host interface in colorectal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 190: 159–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Heald RJ, Ryall RDH, Husband E (1982) The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery: clue to pelvic recurrence. Br J Surg 69: 613–616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Henson DE, Gloeckler Ries LA (1994) On the estimation of survival. Semin Surg Oncol 10: 2–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hermanek P (1991) Data collection aspects for the design of adjuvant treatment protocols in colorectal carcinoma. Onkologie 14: 491–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Hermanek P (1993) Long-term results of a German prospective multicenter study on colorectal cancer. In: Takahashi T (ed) Recent advances in management of digestive cancers. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hermanek P, Altendorf A (1981) Classification of colorectal carcinoma with regional lym-phatic metastases. Pathol Res Pract 173: 1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hermanek P, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Gall FP (1989) Prognostic factors in rectal car-cinoma. A contribution to the further development of tumor classification. Dis Colon Rectum 32: 593–599

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hermanek P, Sobin LH (eds) (1992) UICC TNM classification of malignant tumours, 4th edn 2nd rev. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hermanek P, Henson DE, Hutter RVP, Sobin LH (eds) (1993) UICC TNM supplement 1993. A commentary on uniform use. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hermanek P, Wittekind C (1994) Residual tumour ( R) classification and prognosis. Semin Surg Oncol 10: 12–20

    Google Scholar 

  58. Hermanek P Jr, Wiebelt H, Riedl S, Staimmer D, Hermanek P und die Studiengruppe Kolorektales Karzinom (SGKRK) (1994) Langzeitergebnisse der chirurgischen Therapie des Coloncarcinoms. Ergebnisse der Studiengruppe Kolorektales Karzinom ( SGKRK ). Chirurg 65: 287–297

    Google Scholar 

  59. Heys SD, O’Hanrahan TJ, Brittenden J, Eremin O (1994) Colorectal cancer in young patients; a review of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol 20: 225–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hohenberger P, Schlag P, Kretzschmar U, Herfarth C (1994) Regional mesenteric recurrence of colorectal cancer after anterior resection or left hemicolectomy: inadequate primary resection demonstrated by angiography of the remaining arterial supply. Int J Colorect Dis 6: 17–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Iftikhar SY, Thomas WM, Rooney PS, Morris DL (1992) Somatostatin receptors in human colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 18: 27–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. lino H, Fukayama M, Maeda Y, Koike M, Mori T, Takahashi T, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Miyaki M, Mizuno S, Watanabe S (1994) Molecular genetics for clinical management of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 73: 1324–1331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Itzkowitz SH, Bloom EJ, Kokal WA, Modin G, Hakomori S, Kim YS (1990) Sialosyl-Tn: a novel mucin antigen associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer 66: 1960–1966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Jass JR, Atkin WS, Cuzick J, Bussey HJR, Morson BC, Northover JMA, Todd IP (1986) The grading of rectal cancer: historical perspectives and a multivariate analysis of 447 cases. Histopathology 10: 437–459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Jass JR, Love SB, Northover JMA (1987) A new prognostic classification of rectal cancer. Lancet i: 1303–1305

    Google Scholar 

  66. Jeekel J (1987) Can radical surgery improve survival in colorectal cancer? World J Surg 11: 412–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jeffers MD, O’Dowd GM, Mulcahy H, Stagg M, O’Donoghue DP, Toner M (1994) The prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastases in colorectal carcinoma. J Pathol 172: 183–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Jeziorska M, Haboubi NY, Schofield PF, Ogata Y, Nagase H, Wooley DE (1994) Distribution of gelatinase B (MMP-9) and type IV collagen in colorectal carcinoma. Int J Colorect Dis 9: 141–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Joyce WP, Fynes M, Moran KT, Gough DB, Dervan P, Gorey TF, Fitzpatrick YM (1990) The prognostic value of nucleolar organiser regions in colorectal cancer: a 5-year follow-up study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 74: 172–176

    Google Scholar 

  70. Kameyama M, Nakamori S, Imaoka S, Iwanaga T (1993) Relationship between gastrin receptor values in colorectal cancer tissue and clinical stage. In: Takahashi T (ed) Recent advances in management of digestive cancers. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  71. Kant AK, Glover C, Horm J, Schatzkin A, Harris TB (1992) Does cancer survival differ for older patients? Cancer 70: 2734–2740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kearney TJ, Price EA, Lee S, Silberman AW (1993) Tumor aneuploidy in young patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer 72: 42–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Khine K, Smith DR, Goh H-S (1994) High frequency of allelic deletion in chromosome 17p in advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer 73: 28–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kimura K, Abe Y, Horiuchi A, Kimura S (1993) Elevated serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in patients with colorectal carcinoma. In: Takahashi T (ed) Recent advances in management of digestive cancers. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  75. Knudsen JB, Nilsson T, Sprechler M, Johansen A, Christensen N (1983) Venous and nerve invasion as prognostic factors in postoperative survival of patients with resectable cancer of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 26: 613–617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kouri M, Pyrhonen S, Kuusela P (1992) Elevated CA19-9 as the most significant prognostic factor in advanced colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 49: 78–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Koretz K, Schlag P, Lehnert T, Quentmeier A, Möller P (1994) Evaluation of the secretory component ( SC) as a prognostic variable in colorectal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 20: 294

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kubota Y, Petras RE, Easley KA, Bauer TW, Tubbs RR, Fazio VW (1992) Ki-67-determined growth fraction versus standard staging and grading parameters in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 70: 2602–2609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Lasser P, Mankarios H, Elias D, Bognel C, Eschwege F, Wibault P, Kac J, Crespon B, Rougier P (1993) Etude pronostique uni- et multifactorielle de 400 adénocarcinomas rectaux réséqués. J Chir 130: 57–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Launoy G, Le Coutour X, Gignoux M, Pottier D, Dugleux G (1992) Influence of rural environment on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of colorectal cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 46: 365–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Laurent-Puig P, Olschwang S, Delattre O, Remvikos Y, Asselain B, Melot T, Validire P, Muleris M, Girodet J, Salmon RJ, Thomas G (1992) Survival and acquired genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 102: 1136–1141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Leather AJM, Gallegos NC, Kocjan G, Savage F, Smales CS, Hu W, Boulos PB, Northover JMA, Phillips RKS (1993) Detection and enumeration of circulating tumour cells in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 80: 777–780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Leather AJM, Kocjan G, Savage F, Hu W, Yiu C-Y, Boulos PB, Northover JMA, Phillips RKS (1994) Detection of free malignant cells in the peritoneal cavity before and after resection of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 37: 8114–819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Li Destri G, Greco L, Craxi G, Rinzivillo C, Cordio S, Di Cataldo A, Puleo S (1994) Kolorektale Karzinome bei jungen Menschen: Eine schlechtere Prognose? Ist das wahr? Coloproctology 16: 56–61

    Google Scholar 

  85. Lindemann F, Schlimok G, Dirschedl P, Witte J, Riethmüller G (1992) Prognostic significance of micrometastatic tumour cells in bone marrow of colorectal cancer patients. Lancet 340: 685–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lindmark G, Gerdin B, Pahlman L, Glimelius B, Gehisen K, Rubin K (1993) Interconnection of integrins al and a3 and structure of the basal membrane in colorectal cancer: relation to survival. Eur J Surg Oncol 19: 50–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. MacFarlane JK, Ryall RDH, Heald RJ (1993) Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 341: 457–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Marble K, Banerjee S, Greenwald I (1992) Colorectal carcinoma in young patients. J Surg Oncol 51: 179–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mafune K, Ravikumar TS, Wong JM, Yow H, Chan LB, Steele GD (1990) Expression of a Mr 32,000 laminin-binding messenger RNA in human colon carcinoma correlates with disease progression. Cancer Res 50: 3888–3891

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Mayer A, Takimoto M, Fritz E, Schellander G, Kofier K, Ludwig H (1993) The prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, epidermal growth factor receptor, and mdr gene expression in colorectal cancer. Cancer 71: 2454–2460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. McArdle CS, Hole D (1991) Impact of variability among surgeons on postoperative morbidity and mortality and ultimate survival. Br Med J 302: 1501–1503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Meling GI, Rognum TO, Clausen OP, Brmer O, Lunde OC, Schlichting E, Havig O (1992) Serum carcinoembryonic antigen in relation to survival, DNA ploidy pattern, and recurrent disease in 406 colorectal carcinoma patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 27: 1061–1068

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Michelassi F, Block GE, Vannucci L, Montag A, Chappell R (1988) A 5- to 21-year follow-up and analysis of 250 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 208: 379–387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Michelassi F, Ewing C, Montag A, Vannucci L, Segalin A, Panozzo M, Bibbo M, Dytch H, Chieco-Bianchi P (1992) Prognostic significance of ploidy determination in rectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 39: 222–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Miholic J, End A, Loimer L, Möschl P, Wieselthaler G, Wolner E (1991) Multivariate Analyse von Risikofaktoren für Lokalrezidivierung beim Rektumkarzinom. Acta Chir Austriaca 23 [Suppl]: 129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Minsky BD, Mies C, Rich TA, Recht A (1989) Lymphatic vessel invasion is an independent prognostic factor for survival in colorectal cancer. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 17: 311–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mitmaker B, Begin CR, Gordon PH (1991) Nuclear shape as a prognostic discriminant in colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 34: 249–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Miura S, Tsuchiya H, Shikata J-i, Hosoda S, Shiina E (1989) Immunohistochemical analysis of mesocolic lymph node cells in human colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 40: 119–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Möller P, Momburg F, Koretz K, Moldenhauer G, Herfarth C, Otto HF, Hämmerling GJ, Schlag P (1991) Influence of major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens on survival in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 51: 729–736

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Monnet E, Boutron MC, Faivre J, Milan C (1993) Influence of socioeconomic status on prognosis of colorectal cancer. Cancer 72: 1165–1170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Nakagoe T, Fukushima K, Hirota M, Kusano H, Ayabe H, Tomita M, Kamihira S (1993) Immunohistochemical expression of sialyl Le antigen in relation to survival of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 72: 2323–2330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nakahara H, Ishikawa T, Itabashi M, Hirota T (1992) Diffusely infiltrating primary colorectal carcinoma of linitis plastica and lymphangiosis types. Cancer 69: 901–906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Nakomori S, Watanabe H, Kameyama M, Imaoka S, Furukawa H, Ishikawa O, Sasaki Y, Kabuto T, Raz A (1994) Expression of autocrine motility factor receptor in colorectal cancer as a predictor for disease recurrence. Cancer 74: 1855–1862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Nakomori S, Ota DM, Cleary KR, Shirotani K, Irimura T (1994) MUC1 mucin expression as a marker of progression and metastasis of human colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 106: 353–361

    Google Scholar 

  105. Newland RC, Dent OF, Chapuis PH, Bokey EC (1993) Clinicopathologically diagnosed residual tumor after resection for colorectal cancer. Cancer 72: 1536–1542

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Newland RC, Dent OF, Lyttle MNB, Chapuis PH, Bokey EL (1994) Pathologic determinants of survival associated with colorectal cancer with lymph node metastases. Cancer 73: 2076–2082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Noh D-Y, Lee YH, Kim SS, Kim YI, Ryn S-H, Suh P-G, Park J-G (1994) Elevated content of ghospholipase C-Gamma-1 in colorectal cancer tissues. Cancer 73: 36–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. ÖfnerD, Tötseh M, SandbichlerP, Hallbrucker C, Margreiter R, Mikuz G, Schmid KW (1990) Silver stained nucleolar organizer region proteins ( AgNORs) as a predictor in prognosis in colonic cancer. J Pathol 162: 43–49

    Google Scholar 

  109. Oefner D, Naier H, Riedmann B, Bammer T, Rumer A, Winde G, Böcker W, Jasani B, Schmid KW (1995) Immunohistochemical metallothionein expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Correlation with tumor stage and patients survival. Virchows Arch A (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Patel DD, Bhatavdekar JM, Ghosh N, Vora HH, Karelia NH, Shah NG, Suthar TP, Balar DB, Trivedi CR (1994) Plasma prolactin in patients with colorectal cancer. Value in follow-up and as a prognosticator. Cancer 73: 570–574

    Google Scholar 

  111. Phillips RKS, Hittinger R, Blesovsky L, Fry JS, Fielding LP (1984) Local recurrence following curative surgery for large bowel cancer; the overall picture. Br J Surg 71: 12–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Phillips RKS, Hittinger R, Blesovsky L, Fry JS, Fielding LP (1984) Large bowel cancer. Survival, pathology and its relationship to survival. Br J Surg 71: 604–610

    Google Scholar 

  113. Pihl E, Nairn RC, Milne BJ, Cuthbertson AM, Hughes ESR, Rollo A (1980) Lymphoid hyperplasia. A major prognostic feature in 519 cases of colorectal carcinoma. Am J Pathol 100: 469–480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Remvikos Y, Tominaga O, Hammel P, Laurent-Puig P, Salmon RJ, Dutrillaux B, Thomas G (1992) Increased p53 protein content of colorectal tumours correlates with poor survival. Br J Cancer 66: 758–764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Riedl S, Möller P, Faissner A, Koretz K, Schlag P (1991) Tenascin - ein neuer immun- histologischer Marker für Tumorinvasion und Lymphknotenmetasierung beim coloreetalen Carcinom. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Chirurg Forum 1991, pp 161–164

    Google Scholar 

  116. Rowley S, Carpenter R, Newbold KM, Gearty J, Keighley MR, Donovan IA, Neoptolemos JP (1991) Use of the OM-11-906 monoclonal antibody for determining p62 c-myc expression by flow cytometry in relation to prognosis in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 17: 370–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Royds JA, Alcock H, Sisley K, Silcocks PB, Cross SS, Rees RC, Scholefield JH, Shorthouse AJ, Stephenson TJ (1994) Nm 23 “antimetastatic” gene in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 20: 508

    Google Scholar 

  118. Rüschoff J, Bittinger A, Neumann K, Schmitz-Moormann P (1990) Prognostic significance of nucleolar organizing regions ( NORs) in carcinomas of the sigmoid colon and rectum. Pathol Res Pract 186: 85–91

    Google Scholar 

  119. Runkel NS, Schlag P, Schwarz V, Herfarth C (1991) Outcome after emergency surgery for cancer of the large intestine. Br J Surg 78: 183–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sahin AA, Ro JY, Brown RW, Ordonez NG, Cleary KR, El-Naggar AK, Wilson P, Ayala AG (1994) Assessment of Ki-67-derived tumor proliferation activity in colorectal adenocarcino¬mas. Modern Pathol 7: 17–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Shida H, Ban K, Matsumoto M, Masuda K, Imanari T, Machida T, Yamamoto T (1992) Prognostic significance of location of lymph node metastases in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 35: 1046–1056

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Shimono R, Mori M, Akazawa K, Adachi Y, Sugimachi K (1994) Immunohistochemical expression of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in colorectal carcinomas. Am J Gastroenterol 89: 1010–1015

    Google Scholar 

  123. Shirouzu K, Isomoto H, Morodomi T, Ogato Y, Akagi Y, Kakegawa T (1994) Primary linitis plastica carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer 74: 1863–1868

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Steele GD Jr (1994) The National Cancer Data Base report on colorectal cancer. Cancer 74: 1979–1989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Sun XF, Hatschek T, Wingren S, Stal O, Carstensen JM, Zhang H, Boeryd B, Sjodahl R, Nordenskjold B (1991) Ras p21 expression in relation to histopathological variables and prognosis in colorectal adenocareininoma. Acta Oncol 30: 933–939

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Sun XF, Carstensen JM, Zhang H, Stal O, Wingren S, Hatschek T, Nordenskjold B (1992) Prognostic significance of cytoplasmic p53 oncoprotein in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Lancet 340: 1369–1373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Talbot IC, Ritchie S, Leighton M, Hughes A, Bussey H, Morson BC (1981) Invasion of veins by carcinoma of rectum: method of detection, histological features and significance. Histopathology 5: 141–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Tanabe KK, Ellis LM, Saya H (1993) Expression of CD44R1 adhesion molecule in colon carcinomas and metastases. Lancet 341: 725–726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Tang R, Wang JY, Chang Chien Cr, Chen JS, Lin SE, Fan HA (1993) The association between perioperative blood transfusion and survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer 72: 341–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Tannapfel A, Köckerling F, Katalinic A, Wittekind C (1995) The expression of nm23-Hl predicts lymph node involvement in colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Tartter PI (1992) The association of perioperative blood transfusion with colorectal cancer recurrence. Ann Surg 216: 633–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Tsavaris N, Tsigalakis D, Bobota A, Tsoutsos E, Sarafidou M, Papazachariou M, Komitsopoulou P, Kosmidis P (1992) Prognostic value of serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE) in patients with colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 18: 31–36

    Google Scholar 

  133. Van Aken J, Cuvelier CA, De Wever N, Roels J, Gao Y, Mareel MM (1993) Immunohisto- chemical analysis of E-cadherin expression in human colorectal tumours. Pathol Res Pract 189: 975–978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Villar HV, Menck HR (1994) The National Cancer Data Base report on cancer in Hispanics. Cancer 74: 2386–2395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Vogelsang H, Nekarda H, Angermeier C, Huber F, Roder J, Fink U, Siewert JR (1994) Prognostic impact of uPA and PAI-1 on survival of patients with resected colorectal cancer. International Gastro-Surgical Club 1994. 5th Joint Meeting of Surgeons and Gastroenterolo- gists, Munich, April 27 - 30, 1994 (abstract 10)

    Google Scholar 

  136. Wahlström B, Branchög I, Stierner U, Sunzel H, Holmberg E (1992) Association of ploidy and cell proliferation, Dukes’ classification and histopathological differentiation in adenocarcino¬mas of colon and rectum. Eur J Surg 158: 237–243

    Google Scholar 

  137. Wang I, Patel U, Ghosh L, Chen HC, Banerjee S (1993) Mutation in the nm 23 gene is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 53: 717–720

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Wielenga VJ, Heider KH, Offerhaus GJ, Adolf GR, van der Berg FM, Ponta H, Herrlich P, Pals ST (1993) Expression of C44 variant proteins in human colorectal cancer is related to tumor progression. Cancer Res 53: 4754–4756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Wiggers T, Arends JW, Volovics A (1988) Regression analysis of prognostic factors in colorectal cancer after curative resections. Dis Colon Rectum 34: 33–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Wiggers T, Arends JW, Schutte B, Volovics L, Bosman FT (1988) A multivariate analysis of pathologic prognostic indicators in large bowel cancer. Cancer 61: 386–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Witzig T, Loprinzi C, Gonchoroff N, Reiman H, Cha S, Weiand H, Katzman J, Paulsen J, Moertel C (1991) DNA ploidy and cell kinetic measurements as predictors of recurrence and survival in stage B2 and C colorectal adenocarcinomas. Cancer 68: 879–888

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Yamaguchi A, Hirono Y, Fushida S, Kurosaka J, Kanno M, Yonemura Y, Miyazaki I (1992) DNA polymerase alpha positive-cell rate in colorectal cancer and its relationship to prognosis. Br J Cancer 65: 421–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Yancik R, Ries LA (1994) Cancer in older-persons, Magnitude of the problem - how do we apply what we know? Cancer 74: 1995–2003

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Zirngibl H, Husemann B, Hermanek P (1990) Intra-operative spillage of tumor cells for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 33: 610–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. P. Hermanek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. H. Sobin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chirurgische Universitätsklinik Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany

    P. Hermanek (Vorstand der Abteilung für Klinische Pathologie i. R.) (Vorstand der Abteilung für Klinische Pathologie i. R.)

  2. Princess Margaret Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, M4X 1K9, Canada

    Mary K. Gospodarowicz

  3. Early Detection Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, EPN Building, Room 305 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    D. E. Henson

  4. University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA

    R. V. P. Hutter (Clinical Professor of Pathology) (Clinical Professor of Pathology)

  5. Department of Pathology, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Old Short Hills Road, Livingston, NJ, 07039, USA

    R. V. P. Hutter (Clinical Professor of Pathology) (Clinical Professor of Pathology)

  6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA

    L. H. Sobin (Professor of Pathology) (Professor of Pathology)

  7. Division of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, 20306, USA

    L. H. Sobin (Professor of Pathology) (Professor of Pathology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 International Union Against Cancer, Geneva

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hermanek, P., Sobin, L.H. (1995). Colorectal Carcinoma. In: Hermanek, P., Gospodarowicz, M.K., Henson, D.E., Hutter, R.V.P., Sobin, L.H. (eds) Prognostic Factors in Cancer. UICC International Union Against Cancer / Union Internationale Contre le Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79395-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79395-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-58688-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-79395-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation