Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the protozoan parasite that causes most malaria-associated morbidity and mortality in humans with over 500,000 deaths annually. The disease symptoms are associated with repeated cycles of invasion and asexual multiplication inside red blood cells of the parasite. Partial, non-sterile immunity to P. falciparum malaria develops only after repeated infections and continuous exposure. The successful evasion of the human immune system relies on the large repertoire of antigenically diverse parasite proteins displayed on the red blood cell surface and on the merozoite membrane where they are exposed to the human immune system. Expression switching of these polymorphic proteins between asexual parasite generations provides an efficient mechanism to adapt to the changing environment in the host and to maintain chronic infection. This chapter discusses antigenic diversity and variation in the malaria parasite and our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that direct the expression of these proteins.
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Abbreviations
- AMA-1:
-
Apical membrane antigen 1
- ATS:
-
Acidic terminal sequence
- CD36:
-
Cluster of differentiation 36
- CIDR:
-
Cysteine-rich interdomain region
- CM:
-
Cerebral malaria
- COPII:
-
Coat protein complex II
- DBL:
-
Duffy binding-like
- DC:
-
Domain cassettes
- dN/dS:
-
Non-synonymous/synonymous polymorphism rates (dN/dS)
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EBA:
-
Erythrocyte-binding antigen
- EBL:
-
Erythrocyte-binding-like
- EPCR:
-
Endothelial protein C receptor
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- ETRAMPs:
-
Early transcribed membrane proteins
- exp1:
-
Exported protein 1
- GPI:
-
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- H2A.Z:
-
Histone 2A.Z
- H2B.Z:
-
Histone 2B.Z
- H3K36me3:
-
Trimethylated histone H3 lysine 36
- HB:
-
Homology blocks
- HSP:
-
Heat shock protein
- HT:
-
Host-targeting signal
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- IE:
-
Infected erythrocyte
- IgG:
-
Immunoglobulin G
- KAHRP:
-
Knob-associated histidine-rich protein
- LANCL1:
-
Lantibiotic synthetase component C-like 1
- MAHRP2:
-
Membrane-associated histidine-rich protein 2
- MC:
-
Maurer’s clefts
- MSP:
-
Merozoite surface protein
- MSRPs:
-
Merozoite surface-related proteins
- ncRNA:
-
Non-coding RNA
- PECAM1:
-
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1
- PEXEL:
-
Plasmodium export element
- PfEMP1:
-
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1
- PfEMP3:
-
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 3
- PfHP1:
-
P. falciparum heterochromatin protein 1
- PfPTP1:
-
PfEMP1 trafficking protein 1
- PfRh:
-
Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding homologue
- PfRNase II:
-
Plasmodium falciparum ribonuclease II
- PfSBP1:
-
Plasmodium falciparum skeleton-binding protein 1
- PfSIP2:
-
Plasmodium falciparum SPE2-interacting protein
- PTEX:
-
Plasmodium translocon complex
- PV:
-
Parasitophorous vacuole
- PVM:
-
Parasitophorous vacuole membrane
- RBC:
-
Red blood cell
- RBPs:
-
Reticulocyte-binding proteins
- RESA:
-
Ring-infected erythrocyte surface protein
- rif:
-
Repetitive interspersed family
- RNA:
-
Ribonucleic acid
- SPE2:
-
Subtelomeric var promoter element 2
- stevor:
-
Subtelomeric open reading frame
- TARE:
-
Telomere-associated repeat element
- TRX2:
-
Thioredoxin-2
- VSA:
-
Variant surface antigen
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Petter, M., Duffy, M.F. (2015). Antigenic Variation in Plasmodium falciparum . In: Hsu, E., Du Pasquier, L. (eds) Pathogen-Host Interactions: Antigenic Variation v. Somatic Adaptations. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 57. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_3
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Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20818-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20819-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)