Skip to main content

Adipokines and Metabolism

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Adipose tissue is the main site of energy storage in the form of triglycerides. Mature adipocytes also produce enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and hormones (adipokines) implicated in the modulation of feeding, energy homeostasis, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, coagulation, and cardiovascular system. Obesity alters the expression, circulating levels, and signaling mechanisms of adipose-secreted factors, and these changes have been linked to the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, cancer, and other diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abizaid A, Gao Q, Horvath TL. Thoughts for food: brain mechanisms and peripheral energy balance. Neuron. 2006;51(6):691-702. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahima RS, Osei SY. Leptin signaling. Physiol Behav. 2004;81(2):223-241. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, et al. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature. 1996;382(6588):250-252. doi:10.1038/382250a0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahima RS, Kelly J, Elmquist JK, et al. Distinct physiologic and neuronal responses to decreased leptin and mild hyperleptinemia. Endocrinology. 1999;140(11):4923-4931. doi:10.1210/endo.140.11.7105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amin RH, Mathews ST, Camp HS, et al. Selective activation of PPARgamma in skeletal muscle induces endogenous production of adiponectin and protects mice from diet-induced insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;298(1):E28-E37. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;257(1):79-83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aruna B, Islam A, Ghosh S, et al. Biophysical analyses of human resistin: oligomer formation suggests novel biological function. Biochemistry. 2008;47(47):12457-12466. doi:10.1021/bi801266k.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asilmaz E, Cohen P, Miyazaki M, et al. Site and mechanism of leptin action in a rodent form of congenital lipodystrophy. J Clin Invest. 2004;113(3):414-424. doi:10.1172/JCI19511.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asterholm IW, Scherer PE. Enhanced metabolic flexibility associated with elevated adiponectin levels. Am J Pathol. 2010;176(3):1364-1376. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.090647.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Awazawa M, Ueki K, Inabe K, et al. Adiponectin suppresses hepatic SREBP1c expression in an AdipoR1/LKB1/AMPK dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;382(1):51-56. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Awazawa M, Ueki K, Inabe K, et al. Adiponectin enhances insulin sensitivity by increasing hepatic IRS-2 expression via a macrophage-derived IL-6-dependent pathway. Cell Metab. 2011;13(4):401-412. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axelsson J, Bergsten A, Qureshi AR, et al. Elevated resistin levels in chronic kidney disease are associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate and inflammation, but not with insulin resistance. Kidney Int. 2006;69(3):596-604. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000089.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azuma K, Katsukawa F, Oguchi S, et al. Correlation between serum resistin level and adiposity in obese individuals. Obes Res. 2003;11(8):997-1001. doi:10.1038/oby.2003.137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azuma K, Oguchi S, Matsubara Y, et al. Novel resistin promoter polymorphisms: association with serum resistin level in Japanese obese individuals. Horm Metab Res. 2004;36(8):564-570. doi:10.1055/s-2004-825762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldock PA, Allison S, McDonald MM, et al. Hypothalamic regulation of cortical bone mass: opposing activity of Y2 receptor and leptin pathways. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(10):1600-1607. doi:10.1359/jbmr.060705.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balland E, Dam J, Langlet F, et al. Hypothalamic tanycytes are an ERK-gated conduit for leptin into the brain. Cell Metab. 2014;19(2):293-301. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.015.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee RR, Rangwala SM, Shapiro JS, et al. Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin. Science. 2004;303(5661):1195-1198. doi:10.1126/science.1092341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banno R, Zimmer D, De Jonghe BC, et al. PTP1B and SHP2 in POMC neurons reciprocally regulate energy balance in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(3):720-734. doi:10.1172/JCI39620.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes KM, Miner JL. Role of resistin in insulin sensitivity in rodents and humans. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2009;10(1):96-107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barzilai N, Wang J, Massilon D, et al. Leptin selectively decreases visceral adiposity and enhances insulin action. J Clin Invest. 1997;100(12):3105-3110. doi:10.1172/JCI119865.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates SH, Stearns WH, Dundon TA, et al. STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction. Nature. 2003;421(6925):856-859. doi:10.1038/nature01388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, et al. The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med. 2001;7(8):947-953. doi:10.1038/90992.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berglund ED, Vianna CR, Donato J Jr, et al. Direct leptin action on POMC neurons regulates glucose homeostasis and hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(3):1000-1009. doi:10.1172/JCI59816.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertolani C, Sancho-Bru P, Failli P, et al. Resistin as an intrahepatic cytokine: overexpression during chronic injury and induction of proinflammatory actions in hepatic stellate cells. Am J Pathol. 2006;169(6):2042-2053. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2006.060081.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorbaek C, Elmquist JK, Michl P, et al. Expression of leptin receptor isoforms in rat brain microvessels. Endocrinology. 1998;139(8):3485-3491. doi:10.1210/endo.139.8.6154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjursell M, Ahnmark A, Bohlooly YM, et al. Opposing effects of adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 on energy metabolism. Diabetes. 2007;56(3):583-593. doi:10.2337/db06-1432.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bo S, Gambino R, Pagani A, et al. Relationships between human serum resistin, inflammatory markers and insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(11):1315-1320. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803037.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boden G, Chen X, Mozzoli M, et al. Effect of fasting on serum leptin in normal human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(9):3419-3423. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.9.8784108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouret SG. Neurodevelopmental actions of leptin. Brain Res. 2010;1350:2-9. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.011.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science. 2004;304(5667):108-110. doi:10.1126/science.1095004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JE, Conner AC, Digby JE, et al. Regulation of beta-cell viability and gene expression by distinct agonist fragments of adiponectin. Peptides. 2010;31(5):944-949. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buettner C, Muse ED, Cheng A, et al. Leptin controls adipose tissue lipogenesis via central, STAT3-independent mechanisms. Nat Med. 2008;14(6):667-675. doi:10.1038/nm1775.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett MS, Lee CW, Kinnaird TD, et al. The potential role of resistin in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis. 2005;182(2):241-248. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.02.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabro P, Samudio I, Willerson JT, et al. Resistin promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. Circulation. 2004;110(21):3335-3340. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000147825.97879.E7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabro P, Cirillo P, Limongelli G, et al. Tissue factor is induced by resistin in human coronary artery endothelial cells by the NF-kB-dependent pathway. J Vasc Res. 2011;48(1):59-66. doi:10.1159/000318775.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carbone F, La Rocca C, Matarese G. Immunological functions of leptin and adiponectin. Biochimie. 2012;94(10):2082-2088. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Role of leptin in energy-deprivation states: normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa. Lancet. 2005;366(9479):74-85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66830-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JL, Heist K, DePaoli AM, et al. The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(9):1409-1421. doi:10.1172/JCI17490.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JL, Moschos SJ, Bullen J, et al. Recombinant methionyl human leptin administration activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vivo and regulates soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor levels in humans with relative leptin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(3):1625-1631. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1823.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JL, Matarese G, Shetty GK, et al. Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(22):8481-8486. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505429103.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JL, Williams CJ, Raciti P, et al. Leptin does not mediate short-term fasting-induced changes in growth hormone pulsatility but increases IGF-I in leptin deficiency states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(7):2819-2827. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0056.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JL, Lutz K, Cochran E, et al. Clinical effects of long-term metreleptin treatment in patients with lipodystrophy. Endocr Pract Off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2011;17(6):922-932. doi:10.4158/EP11229.OR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chehab FF, Lim ME, Lu R. Correction of the sterility defect in homozygous obese female mice by treatment with the human recombinant leptin. Nat Genet. 1996;12(3):318-320. doi:10.1038/ng0396-318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen BH, Song Y, Ding EL, et al. Circulating levels of resistin and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women: results from two prospective cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(2):329-334. doi:10.2337/dc08-1625.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Jiang J, Lu JM, et al. Resistin decreases expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase through oxidative stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;299(1):H193-H201. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00431.2009.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung CC, Thornton JE, Nurani SD, et al. A reassessment of leptin’s role in triggering the onset of puberty in the rat and mouse. Neuroendocrinology. 2001;74(1):12-21. doi:10.1159/000054666.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho YM, Youn BS, Chung SS, et al. Common genetic polymorphisms in the promoter of resistin gene are major determinants of plasma resistin concentrations in humans. Diabetologia. 2004;47(3):559-565. doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1319-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chou SH, Chamberland JP, Liu X, et al. Leptin is an effective treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(16):6585-6590. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015674108.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Combs TP, Berg AH, Obici S, et al. Endogenous glucose production is inhibited by the adipose-derived protein Acrp30. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(12):1875-1881. doi:10.1172/JCI14120.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Combs TP, Pajvani UB, Berg AH, et al. A transgenic mouse with a deletion in the collagenous domain of adiponectin displays elevated circulating adiponectin and improved insulin sensitivity. Endocrinology. 2004;145(1):367-383. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1068.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(5):292-295. doi:10.1056/NEJM199602013340503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coppari R, Ichinose M, Lee CE, et al. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: a key site for mediating leptin’s effects on glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity. Cell Metab. 2005;1(1):63-72. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, et al. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature. 2001;411(6836):480-484. doi:10.1038/35078085.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cravo RM, Frazao R, Perello M, et al. Leptin signaling in Kiss1 neurons arises after pubertal development. PLoS One. 2013;8(3), e58698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058698.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalamaga M, Karmaniolas K, Panagiotou A, et al. Low circulating adiponectin and resistin, but not leptin, levels are associated with multiple myeloma risk: a case–control study. Cancer Causes Control CCC. 2009;20(2):193-199. doi:10.1007/s10552-008-9233-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalamaga M, Crotty BH, Fargnoli J, et al. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia risk in association with serum leptin and adiponectin: a case–control study in Greece. Cancer Causes Control CCC. 2010;21(9):1451-1459. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9573-y.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalamaga M, Diakopoulos KN, Mantzoros CS. The role of adiponectin in cancer: a review of current evidence. Endocr Rev. 2012;33(4):547-594. doi:10.1210/er.2011-1015.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalamaga M, Chou SH, Shields K, et al. Leptin at the intersection of neuroendocrinology and metabolism: current evidence and therapeutic perspectives. Cell Metab. 2013;18(1):29-42. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.05.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daquinag AC, Zhang Y, Amaya-Manzanares F, et al. An isoform of decorin is a resistin receptor on the surface of adipose progenitor cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2011;9(1):74-86. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.05.017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dardeno TA, Chou SH, Moon HS, et al. Leptin in human physiology and therapeutics. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2010;31(3):377-393. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.06.002.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis C, Mudd J, Hawkins M. Neuroprotective effects of leptin in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders. Neurobiol Dis. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.012.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Luis DA, Terroba MC, Cuellar L, et al. Resistin levels in morbid obese patients following the biliopancreatic diversion surgery. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43(3):205-208. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1270529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Rosa V, Procaccini C, Cali G, et al. A key role of leptin in the control of regulatory T cell proliferation. Immunity. 2007;26(2):241-255. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.011.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denzel MS, Scimia MC, Zumstein PM, et al. T-cadherin is critical for adiponectin-mediated cardioprotection in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(12):4342-4352. doi:10.1172/JCI43464.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donato J Jr, Cravo RM, Frazao R, et al. Leptin’s effect on puberty in mice is relayed by the ventral premammillary nucleus and does not require signaling in Kiss1 neurons. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(1):355-368. doi:10.1172/JCI45106.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong ZX, Su L, Brymora J, et al. Resistin mediates the hepatic stellate cell phenotype. World J Gastroenterol WJG. 2013;19(28):4475-4485. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i28.4475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebinuma H, Miida T, Yamauchi T, et al. Improved ELISA for selective measurement of adiponectin multimers and identification of adiponectin in human cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 2007;53(8):1541-1544. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.085654.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elefteriou F, Ahn JD, Takeda S, et al. Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART. Nature. 2005;434(7032):514-520. doi:10.1038/nature03398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elias CF. A critical view of the use of genetic tools to unveil neural circuits: the case of leptin action in reproduction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014;306(1):R1-R9. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00444.2013.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elias CF, Purohit D. Leptin signaling and circuits in puberty and fertility. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS. 2013;70(5):841-862. doi:10.1007/s00018-012-1095-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Shal AS, Pasha HF, Rashad NM. Association of resistin gene polymorphisms with insulin resistance in Egyptian obese patients. Gene. 2013;515(1):233-238. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fain JN, Cheema PS, Bahouth SW, et al. Resistin release by human adipose tissue explants in primary culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;300(3):674-678.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan HQ, Gu N, Liu F, et al. Prolonged exposure to resistin inhibits glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscles. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007;28(3):410-416. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00523.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan W, Imamura T, Sonoda N, et al. FOXO1 transrepresses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transactivation, coordinating an insulin-induced feed-forward response in adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(18):12188-12197. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808915200.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fargnoli JL, Sun Q, Olenczuk D, et al. Resistin is associated with biomarkers of inflammation while total and high-molecular weight adiponectin are associated with biomarkers of inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial function. Eur J Endocrinol/Eur Fed Endocr Soc. 2010;162(2):281-288. doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, et al. Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(12):879-884. doi:10.1056/NEJM199909163411204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(8):1093-1103. doi:10.1172/JCI15693.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fasshauer M, Klein J, Neumann S, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a negative regulator of resistin gene expression and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;288(4):1027-1031. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5874.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filkova M, Haluzik M, Gay S, et al. The role of resistin as a regulator of inflammation: implications for various human pathologies. Clin Immunol. 2009;133(2):157-170. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2009.07.013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S, et al. Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(4):2005-2010. doi:10.1073/pnas.041591798.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu Y, Luo N, Klein RL, et al. Adiponectin promotes adipocyte differentiation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid accumulation. J Lipid Res. 2005;46(7):1369-1379. doi:10.1194/jlr.M400373-JLR200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujikawa T, Chuang JC, Sakata I, et al. Leptin therapy improves insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes by CNS-dependent mechanisms in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(40):17391-17396. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008025107.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo N, Bonzon-Kulichenko E, Fernandez-Agullo T, et al. Tissue-specific effects of central leptin on the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in liver and white adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 2007;148(12):5604-5610. doi:10.1210/en.2007-0933.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garfield AS, Patterson C, Skora S, et al. Neurochemical characterization of body weight-regulating leptin receptor neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Endocrinology. 2012;153(10):4600-4607. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1282.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gavrilova O, Marcus-Samuels B, Graham D, et al. Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice. J Clin Invest. 2000;105(3):271-278. doi:10.1172/JCI7901.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber M, Boettner A, Seidel B, et al. Serum resistin levels of obese and lean children and adolescents: biochemical analysis and clinical relevance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(8):4503-4509. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0437.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • German JP, Thaler JP, Wisse BE, et al. Leptin activates a novel CNS mechanism for insulin-independent normalization of severe diabetic hyperglycemia. Endocrinology. 2011;152(2):394-404. doi:10.1210/en.2010-0890.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goncalves GH, Li W, Garcia AV, et al. Hypothalamic agouti-related peptide neurons and the central melanocortin system are crucial mediators of leptin’s antidiabetic actions. Cell Rep. 2014;7(4):1093-1103. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.010.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordeladze JO, Drevon CA, Syversen U, et al. Leptin stimulates human osteoblastic cell proliferation, de novo collagen synthesis, and mineralization: Impact on differentiation markers, apoptosis, and osteoclastic signaling. J Cell Biochem. 2002;85(4):825-836. doi:10.1002/jcb.10156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graveleau C, Zaha VG, Mohajer A, et al. Mouse and human resistins impair glucose transport in primary mouse cardiomyocytes, and oligomerization is required for this biological action. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(36):31679-31685. doi:10.1074/jbc.M504008200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruaz NM, Lalaoui M, Pierroz DD, et al. Chronic administration of leptin into the lateral ventricle induces sexual maturation in severely food-restricted female rats. J Neuroendocrinol. 1998;10(8):627-633.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra B, Olmedillas H, Guadalupe-Grau A, et al. Is sprint exercise a leptin signaling mimetic in human skeletal muscle? J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(3):715-725. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00805.2010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton MP, Gore MO, Ayers CR, et al. Adiponectin and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: parameters associated with adiponectin complex distribution. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2011;8(3):190-194. doi:10.1177/1479164111407784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamrick MW, Ferrari SL. Leptin and the sympathetic connection of fat to bone. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(7):905-912. doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0487-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman HB, Hu X, Tyler KX, et al. Mechanisms regulating adipocyte expression of resistin. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(22):19754-19761. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201451200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haugen F, Jorgensen A, Drevon CA, et al. Inhibition by insulin of resistin gene expression in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. FEBS Lett. 2001;507(1):105-108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hausman GJ, Barb CR, Lents CA. Leptin and reproductive function. Biochimie. 2012;94(10):2075-2081. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.02.022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes WG, Morgan DA, Walsh SA, et al. Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin. J Clin Invest. 1997;100(2):270-278. doi:10.1172/JCI119532.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hefetz-Sela S, Scherer PE. Adipocytes: impact on tumor growth and potential sites for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138(2):197-210. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.008.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill JW, Xu Y, Preitner F, et al. Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase signaling in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons contributes to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Endocrinology. 2009;150(11):4874-4882. doi:10.1210/en.2009-0454.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hivert MF, Manning AK, McAteer JB, et al. Association of variants in RETN with plasma resistin levels and diabetes-related traits in the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes. 2009;58(3):750-756. doi:10.2337/db08-1339.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holden KF, Lindquist K, Tylavsky FA, et al. Serum leptin level and cognition in the elderly: findings from the Health ABC Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30(9):1483-1489. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holland WL, Miller RA, Wang ZV, et al. Receptor-mediated activation of ceramidase activity initiates the pleiotropic actions of adiponectin. Nat Med. 2011;17(1):55-63. doi:10.1038/nm.2277.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard JK, Lord GM, Matarese G, et al. Leptin protects mice from starvation-induced lymphoid atrophy and increases thymic cellularity in ob/ob mice. J Clin Invest. 1999;104(8):1051-1059. doi:10.1172/JCI6762.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu WY, Chao YW, Tsai YL, et al. Resistin induces monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion by increasing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells via p38MAPK-dependent pathway. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(8):2181-2188. doi:10.1002/jcp.22555.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hug C, Wang J, Ahmad NS, et al. T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30/adiponectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(28):10308-10313. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403382101.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hukshorn CJ, van Dielen FM, Buurman WA, et al. The effect of pegylated recombinant human leptin (PEG-OB) on weight loss and inflammatory status in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2002;26(4):504-509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huo L, Gamber K, Greeley S, et al. Leptin-dependent control of glucose balance and locomotor activity by POMC neurons. Cell Metab. 2009;9(6):537-547. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.05.003.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwabu M, Yamauchi T, Okada-Iwabu M, et al. Adiponectin and AdipoR1 regulate PGC-1alpha and mitochondria by Ca(2+) and AMPK/SIRT1. Nature. 2010;464(7293):1313-1319. doi:10.1038/nature08991.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain SH, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, et al. Cross-sectional associations between abdominal and thoracic adipose tissue compartments and adiponectin and resistin in the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):903-908. doi:10.2337/dc08-1733.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamaluddin MS, Weakley SM, Yao Q, et al. Resistin: functional roles and therapeutic considerations for cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165(3):622-632. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01369.x.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung CH, Kim MS. Molecular mechanisms of central leptin resistance in obesity. Arch Pharm Res. 2013;36(2):201-207. doi:10.1007/s12272-013-0020-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung HS, Park KH, Cho YM, et al. Resistin is secreted from macrophages in atheromas and promotes atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;69(1):76-85. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.09.015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karelis AD, Faraj M, Bastard JP, et al. The metabolically healthy but obese individual presents a favorable inflammation profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):4145-4150. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaser S, Kaser A, Sandhofer A, et al. Resistin messenger-RNA expression is increased by proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;309(2):286-290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Chou S, et al. Narrative review: the role of leptin in human physiology: emerging clinical applications. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(2):93-100. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00008.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kharroubi I, Rasschaert J, Eizirik DL, et al. Expression of adiponectin receptors in pancreatic beta cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;312(4):1118-1122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kievit P, Howard JK, Badman MK, et al. Enhanced leptin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis in mice lacking suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in POMC-expressing cells. Cell Metab. 2006;4(2):123-132. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.06.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YW, Kim JY, Park YH, et al. Metformin restores leptin sensitivity in high-fat-fed obese rats with leptin resistance. Diabetes. 2006;55(3):716-724.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JY, van de Wall E, Laplante M, et al. Obesity-associated improvements in metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(9):2621-2637. doi:10.1172/JCI31021.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KW, Sohn JW, Kohno D, et al. SF-1 in the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus: a key regulator of homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011a;336(1–2):219-223. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.019.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KW, Zhao L, Donato J Jr, et al. Steroidogenic factor 1 directs programs regulating diet-induced thermogenesis and leptin action in the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011b;108(26):10673-10678. doi:10.1073/pnas.1102364108.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KW, Donato J Jr, Berglund ED, et al. FOXO1 in the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates energy balance. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(7):2578-2589. doi:10.1172/JCI62848.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kissileff HR, Thornton JC, Torres MI, et al. Leptin reverses declines in satiation in weight-reduced obese humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(2):309-317. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.012385.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koch A, Gressner OA, Sanson E, et al. Serum resistin levels in critically ill patients are associated with inflammation, organ dysfunction and metabolism and may predict survival of non-septic patients. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R95. doi:10.1186/cc7925.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad A, Lehrke M, Schachinger V, et al. Resistin is an inflammatory marker of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(12):1070-1074. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f16251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota N, Yano W, Kubota T, et al. Adiponectin stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase in the hypothalamus and increases food intake. Cell Metab. 2007;6(1):55-68. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kunnari A, Ukkola O, Paivansalo M, et al. High plasma resistin level is associated with enhanced highly sensitive C-reactive protein and leukocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(7):2755-2760. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kusminski CM, McTernan PG, Schraw T, et al. Adiponectin complexes in human cerebrospinal fluid: distinct complex distribution from serum. Diabetologia. 2007;50(3):634-642. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0577-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landskroner-Eiger S, Qian B, Muise ES, et al. Proangiogenic contribution of adiponectin toward mammary tumor growth in vivo. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2009;15(10):3265-3276. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2649.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazar MA. Resistin- and Obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Horm Metab Res. 2007;39(10):710-716. doi:10.1055/s-2007-985897.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Chan JL, Yiannakouris N, et al. Circulating resistin levels are not associated with obesity or insulin resistance in humans and are not regulated by fasting or leptin administration: cross-sectional and interventional studies in normal, insulin-resistant, and diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(10):4848-4856. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030519.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Chan JL, Sourlas E, et al. Recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy in replacement doses improves insulin resistance and metabolic profile in patients with lipoatrophy and metabolic syndrome induced by the highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(7):2605-2611. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Park Y, Dellsperger KC, et al. Exercise training improves endothelial function via adiponectin-dependent and independent pathways in type 2 diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011a;301(2):H306-H314. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01306.2010.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YH, Magkos F, Mantzoros CS, et al. Effects of leptin and adiponectin on pancreatic beta-cell function. Metab Clin Exp. 2011b;60(12):1664-1672. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.04.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Lee HC, Kwon YW, et al. Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 is a receptor for human resistin and mediates inflammatory actions of human monocytes. Cell Metab. 2014;19(3):484-497. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.01.013.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Legradi G, Emerson CH, Ahima RS, et al. Leptin prevents fasting-induced suppression of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology. 1997;138(6):2569-2576. doi:10.1210/endo.138.6.5209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrke M, Reilly MP, Millington SC, et al. An inflammatory cascade leading to hyperresistinemia in humans. PLoS Med. 2004;1(2), e45. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010045.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leinninger GM. Lateral thinking about leptin: a review of leptin action via the lateral hypothalamus. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(4):572-581. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.060.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leinninger GM, Jo YH, Leshan RL, et al. Leptin acts via leptin receptor-expressing lateral hypothalamic neurons to modulate the mesolimbic dopamine system and suppress feeding. Cell Metab. 2009;10(2):89-98. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.06.011.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li FP, He J, Li ZZ, et al. Effects of resistin expression on glucose metabolism and hepatic insulin resistance. Endocrine. 2009;35(2):243-251. doi:10.1007/s12020-009-9148-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao GY, An JJ, Gharami K, et al. Dendritically targeted Bdnf mRNA is essential for energy balance and response to leptin. Nat Med. 2012;18(4):564-571. doi:10.1038/nm.2687.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Licinio J, Mantzoros C, Negrao AB, et al. Human leptin levels are pulsatile and inversely related to pituitary-adrenal function. Nat Med. 1997;3(5):575-579.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Licinio J, Caglayan S, Ozata M, et al. Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(13):4531-4536. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308767101.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieb W, Beiser AS, Vasan RS, et al. Association of plasma leptin levels with incident Alzheimer disease and MRI measures of brain aging. JAMA. 2009;302(23):2565-2572. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1836.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu M, Liu F. Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of adiponectin. Biochem J. 2010;425(1):41-52. doi:10.1042/BJ20091045.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Michael MD, Kash S, et al. Deficiency of adiponectin receptor 2 reduces diet-induced insulin resistance but promotes type 2 diabetes. Endocrinology. 2007;148(2):683-692. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo MM, Salisbury S, Scherer PE, et al. Serum adiponectin complexes and cardiovascular risk in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(11):2009-2017. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1906-x.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loffreda S, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, et al. Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses. FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol. 1998;12(1):57-65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • London ED, Berman SM, Chakrapani S, et al. Short-term plasticity of gray matter associated with leptin deficiency and replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(8):E1212-E1220. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0314.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, et al. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature. 1998;394(6696):897-901. doi:10.1038/29795.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis GW, Greenwald-Yarnell M, Phillips R, et al. Molecular mapping of the neural pathways linking leptin to the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. Endocrinology. 2011;152(6):2302-2310. doi:10.1210/en.2011-0096.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manduteanu I, Pirvulescu M, Gan AM, et al. Similar effects of resistin and high glucose on P-selectin and fractalkine expression and monocyte adhesion in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;391(3):1443-1448. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.089.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantzoros CS, Ozata M, Negrao AB, et al. Synchronicity of frequently sampled thyrotropin (TSH) and leptin concentrations in healthy adults and leptin-deficient subjects: evidence for possible partial TSH regulation by leptin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(7):3284-3291. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantzoros C, Petridou E, Dessypris N, et al. Adiponectin and breast cancer risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(3):1102-1107. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantzoros CS, Magkos F, Brinkoetter M, et al. Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011;301(4):E567-E584. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00315.2011.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margetic S, Gazzola C, Pegg GG, et al. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2002;26(11):1407-1433. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matarese G, Sanna V, Di Giacomo A, et al. Leptin potentiates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL female mice and confers susceptibility to males. Eur J Immunol. 2001;31(5):1324-1332. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200105)31:5<1324::AID-IMMU1324>3.0.CO;2-Y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matarese G, Carrieri PB, La Cava A, et al. Leptin increase in multiple sclerosis associates with reduced number of CD4(+)CD25+ regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(14):5150-5155. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408995102.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matarese G, La Rocca C, Moon HS, et al. Selective capacity of metreleptin administration to reconstitute CD4+ T-cell number in females with acquired hypoleptinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(9):E818-E827. doi:10.1073/pnas.1214554110.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matochik JA, London ED, Yildiz BO, et al. Effect of leptin replacement on brain structure in genetically leptin-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2851-2854. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1979.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McTernan PG, Fisher FM, Valsamakis G, et al. Resistin and type 2 diabetes: regulation of resistin expression by insulin and rosiglitazone and the effects of recombinant resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in human differentiated adipocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(12):6098-6106. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030898.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menzaghi C, Coco A, Salvemini L, et al. Heritability of serum resistin and its genetic correlation with insulin resistance-related features in nondiabetic Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(7):2792-2795. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller KK, Parulekar MS, Schoenfeld E, et al. Decreased leptin levels in normal weight women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: the effects of body composition and nutritional intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(7):2309-2312. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.7.4975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller RA, Chu Q, Le Lay J, et al. Adiponectin suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression in mouse hepatocytes independent of LKB1-AMPK signaling. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2518-2528. doi:10.1172/JCI45942.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minokoshi Y, Kim YB, Peroni OD, et al. Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature. 2002;415(6869):339-343. doi:10.1038/415339a.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittendorfer B, Horowitz JF, DePaoli AM, et al. Recombinant human leptin treatment does not improve insulin action in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2011;60(5):1474-1477. doi:10.2337/db10-1302.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montague CT, Prins JB, Sanders L, et al. Depot- and sex-specific differences in human leptin mRNA expression: implications for the control of regional fat distribution. Diabetes. 1997;46(3):342-347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon HS, Chamberland JP, Diakopoulos KN, et al. Leptin and amylin act in an additive manner to activate overlapping signaling pathways in peripheral tissues: in vitro and ex vivo studies in humans. Diabetes Care. 2011a;34(1):132-138. doi:10.2337/dc10-0518.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon HS, Matarese G, Brennan AM, et al. Efficacy of metreleptin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: cellular and molecular pathways underlying leptin tolerance. Diabetes. 2011b;60(6):1647-1656. doi:10.2337/db10-1791.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon HS, Dalamaga M, Kim SY, et al. Leptin’s role in lipodystrophic and nonlipodystrophic insulin-resistant and diabetic individuals. Endocr Rev. 2013;34(3):377-412. doi:10.1210/er.2012-1053.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris DL, Rui L. Recent advances in understanding leptin signaling and leptin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;297(6):E1247-E1259. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00274.2009.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moschen AR, Molnar C, Wolf AM, et al. Effects of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery on hepatic adipocytokine expression. J Hepatol. 2009;51(4):765-777. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.06.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mu H, Ohashi R, Yan S, et al. Adipokine resistin promotes in vitro angiogenesis of human endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;70(1):146-157. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.01.015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller TD, Sullivan LM, Habegger K, et al. Restoration of leptin responsiveness in diet-induced obese mice using an optimized leptin analog in combination with exendin-4 or FGF21. J Pept Sci Off Publ Eur Pept Soc. 2012;18(6):383-393. doi:10.1002/psc.2408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan K, Khatami H, Schwarz JM, et al. The effects of recombinant human leptin on visceral fat, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipoatrophy and hypoleptinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(4):1137-1144. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1588.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muse ED, Obici S, Bhanot S, et al. Role of resistin in diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(2):232-239. doi:10.1172/JCI21270.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muse ED, Lam TK, Scherer PE, et al. Hypothalamic resistin induces hepatic insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(6):1670-1678. doi:10.1172/JCI30440.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musso C, Cochran E, Javor E, et al. The long-term effect of recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy on hyperandrogenism and menstrual function in female and pituitary function in male and female hypoleptinemic lipodystrophic patients. Metab Clin Exp. 2005;54(2):255-263. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2004.08.021.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers MG Jr, Heymsfield SB, Haft C, et al. Challenges and opportunities of defining clinical leptin resistance. Cell Metab. 2012;15(2):150-156. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.002.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nawrocki AR, Rajala MW, Tomas E, et al. Mice lacking adiponectin show decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and reduced responsiveness to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(5):2654-2660. doi:10.1074/jbc.M505311200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norata GD, Ongari M, Garlaschelli K, et al. Effect of the -420C/G variant of the resistin gene promoter on metabolic syndrome, obesity, myocardial infarction and kidney dysfunction. J Intern Med. 2007;262(1):104-112. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01787.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi K, Ouchi N, Sato K, et al. Adiponectin promotes revascularization of ischemic muscle through a cyclooxygenase 2-dependent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29(13):3487-3499. doi:10.1128/MCB.00126-09.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi K, Parker JL, Ouchi N, et al. Adiponectin promotes macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(9):6153-6160. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.088708.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oral EA, Simha V, Ruiz E, et al. Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):570-578. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012437.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osawa H, Yamada K, Onuma H, et al. The G/G genotype of a resistin single-nucleotide polymorphism at −420 increases type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility by inducing promoter activity through specific binding of Sp1/3. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;75(4):678-686. doi:10.1086/424761.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osawa H, Onuma H, Ochi M, et al. Resistin SNP-420 determines its monocyte mRNA and serum levels inducing type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;335(2):596-602. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osawa H, Tabara Y, Kawamoto R, et al. Plasma resistin, associated with single nucleotide polymorphism −420, is correlated with insulin resistance, lower HDL cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the Japanese general population. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1501-1506. doi:10.2337/dc06-1936.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otsuka F, Sugiyama S, Kojima S, et al. Plasma adiponectin levels are associated with coronary lesion complexity in men with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(6):1155-1162. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.054.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ouedraogo R, Gong Y, Berzins B, et al. Adiponectin deficiency increases leukocyte-endothelium interactions via upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in vivo. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(6):1718-1726. doi:10.1172/JCI29623.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagano C, Marin O, Calcagno A, et al. Increased serum resistin in adults with prader-willi syndrome is related to obesity and not to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):4335-4340. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pajvani UB, Du X, Combs TP, et al. Structure-function studies of the adipocyte-secreted hormone Acrp30/adiponectin. Implications for metabolic regulation and bioactivity. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(11):9073-9085. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207198200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pajvani UB, Hawkins M, Combs TP, et al. Complex distribution, not absolute amount of adiponectin, correlates with thiazolidinedione-mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(13):12152-12162. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311113200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palanivel R, Maida A, Liu Y, et al. Regulation of insulin signalling, glucose uptake and metabolism in rat skeletal muscle cells upon prolonged exposure to resistin. Diabetologia. 2006;49(1):183-190. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0060-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan W, Tu H, Kastin AJ. Differential BBB interactions of three ingestive peptides: obestatin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. Peptides. 2006;27(4):911-916. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.12.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park HK, Qatanani M, Briggs ER, et al. Inflammatory induction of human resistin causes insulin resistance in endotoxemic mice. Diabetes. 2011;60(3):775-783. doi:10.2337/db10-1416.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel L, Buckels AC, Kinghorn IJ, et al. Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;300(2):472-476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel SD, Rajala MW, Rossetti L, et al. Disulfide-dependent multimeric assembly of resistin family hormones. Science. 2004;304(5674):1154-1158. doi:10.1126/science.1093466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paz-Filho G, Wong ML, Licinio J. The procognitive effects of leptin in the brain and their clinical implications. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(13):1808-1812. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02536.x.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peake PW, Kriketos AD, Campbell LV, et al. The metabolism of isoforms of human adiponectin: studies in human subjects and in experimental animals. Eur J Endocrinol/Eur Fed Endocr Soc. 2005;153(3):409-417. doi:10.1530/eje.1.01978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, et al. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science. 1995;269(5223):540-543.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen KF, Oral EA, Dufour S, et al. Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy. J Clin Invest. 2002;109(10):1345-1350. doi:10.1172/JCI15001.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petridou E, Mantzoros C, Dessypris N, et al. Plasma adiponectin concentrations in relation to endometrial cancer: a case–control study in Greece. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(3):993-997. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petridou E, Mantzoros CS, Dessypris N, et al. Adiponectin in relation to childhood myeloblastic leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(1):156-160. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602896.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petridou ET, Sergentanis TN, Dessypris N, et al. Serum adiponectin as a predictor of childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a nationwide case–control study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(30):5049-5055. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.7525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto S, Roseberry AG, Liu H, et al. Rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin. Science. 2004;304(5667):110-115. doi:10.1126/science.1089459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pischon T, Girman CJ, Hotamisligil GS, et al. Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of myocardial infarction in men. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1730-1737. doi:10.1001/jama.291.14.1730.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qasim AN, Metkus TS, Tadesse M, et al. Resistin gene variation is associated with systemic inflammation but not plasma adipokine levels, metabolic syndrome or coronary atherosclerosis in nondiabetic Caucasians. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;70(5):698-705. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03375.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qatanani M, Szwergold NR, Greaves DR, et al. Macrophage-derived human resistin exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(3):531-539. doi:10.1172/JCI37273.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qi Y, Takahashi N, Hileman SM, et al. Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight. Nat Med. 2004;10(5):524-529. doi:10.1038/nm1029.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qi Y, Nie Z, Lee YS, et al. Loss of resistin improves glucose homeostasis in leptin deficiency. Diabetes. 2006;55(11):3083-3090. doi:10.2337/db05-0615.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qi Q, Wang J, Li H, et al. Associations of resistin with inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older Chinese. Eur J Endocrinol/Eur Fed Endocr Soc. 2008;159(5):585-593. doi:10.1530/EJE-08-0427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao L, Shao J. SIRT1 regulates adiponectin gene expression through Foxo1-C/enhancer-binding protein alpha transcriptional complex. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(52):39915-39924. doi:10.1074/jbc.M607215200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quennell JH, Mulligan AC, Tups A, et al. Leptin indirectly regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal function. Endocrinology. 2009;150(6):2805-2812. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1693.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rae C, Robertson SA, Taylor JM, et al. Resistin induces lipolysis and re-esterification of triacylglycerol stores, and increases cholesteryl ester deposition, in human macrophages. FEBS Lett. 2007;581(25):4877-4883. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.09.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajala MW, Lin Y, Ranalletta M, et al. Cell type-specific expression and coregulation of murine resistin and resistin-like molecule-alpha in adipose tissue. Mol Endocrinol. 2002;16(8):1920-1930. doi:10.1210/me.2002-0048.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajala MW, Obici S, Scherer PE, et al. Adipose-derived resistin and gut-derived resistin-like molecule-beta selectively impair insulin action on glucose production. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(2):225-230. doi:10.1172/JCI16521.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajala MW, Qi Y, Patel HR, et al. Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fasting. Diabetes. 2004;53(7):1671-1679.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao JR, Keating DJ, Chen C, et al. Adiponectin increases insulin content and cell proliferation in MIN6 cells via PPARgamma-dependent and PPARgamma-independent mechanisms. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(11):983-989. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01626.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravussin E, Smith SR, Mitchell JA, et al. Enhanced weight loss with pramlintide/metreleptin: an integrated neurohormonal approach to obesity pharmacotherapy. Obesity. 2009;17(9):1736-1743. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.184.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly MP, Lehrke M, Wolfe ML, et al. Resistin is an inflammatory marker of atherosclerosis in humans. Circulation. 2005;111(7):932-939. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155620.10387.43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson SA, Leinninger GM, Myers MG Jr. Molecular and neural mediators of leptin action. Physiol Behav. 2008;94(5):637-642. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.005.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. Clinical review 107: Role of gonadal steroids in the sexual dimorphisms in body composition and circulating concentrations of leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(6):1784-1789. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5787.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum M, Goldsmith R, Bloomfield D, et al. Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3579-3586. doi:10.1172/JCI25977.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum M, Sy M, Pavlovich K, et al. Leptin reverses weight loss-induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(7):2583-2591. doi:10.1172/JCI35055.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth JD, Roland BL, Cole RL, et al. Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(20):7257-7262. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706473105.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth CL, Elfers CT, Figlewicz DP, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in obese rats exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and increases hepatic resistin and Toll-like receptor activation. Hepatology. 2012;55(4):1103-1111. doi:10.1002/hep.24737.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothenbacher D, Brenner H, Marz W, et al. Adiponectin, risk of coronary heart disease and correlations with cardiovascular risk markers. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(16):1640-1646. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutkowski JM, Wang ZV, Park AS, et al. Adiponectin promotes functional recovery after podocyte ablation. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN. 2013;24(2):268-282. doi:10.1681/ASN.2012040414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samaha FF, Szapary PO, Iqbal N, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone on lipids, adipokines, and inflammatory markers in nondiabetic patients with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26(3):624-630. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000200136.56716.30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez VC, Goldstein J, Stuart RC, et al. Regulation of hypothalamic prohormone convertases 1 and 2 and effects on processing of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(3):357-369. doi:10.1172/JCI21620.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Garrido MA, Tena-Sempere M. Metabolic control of puberty: roles of leptin and kisspeptins. Horm Behav. 2013;64(2):187-194. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.01.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Solana B, Laborda J, Baladron V. Mouse resistin modulates adipogenesis and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through the ROR1 receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 2012;26(1):110-127. doi:10.1210/me.2011-1027.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanna V, Di Giacomo A, La Cava A, et al. Leptin surge precedes onset of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and correlates with development of pathogenic T cell responses. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(2):241-250. doi:10.1172/JCI16721.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh H, Nguyen MT, Miles PD, et al. Adenovirus-mediated chronic “hyper-resistinemia” leads to in vivo insulin resistance in normal rats. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(2):224-231. doi:10.1172/JCI20785.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savage DB, Sewter CP, Klenk ES, et al. Resistin/Fizz3 expression in relation to obesity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma action in humans. Diabetes. 2001;50(10):2199-2202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scarpace PJ, Matheny M, Pollock BH, et al. Leptin increases uncoupling protein expression and energy expenditure. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(1 Pt 1):E226-E230.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffler A, Hamer O, Dickopf J, et al. Admission resistin levels predict peripancreatic necrosis and clinical severity in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(11):2474-2484. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schraw T, Wang ZV, Halberg N, et al. Plasma adiponectin complexes have distinct biochemical characteristics. Endocrinology. 2008;149(5):2270-2282. doi:10.1210/en.2007-1561.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze MB, Shai I, Rimm EB, et al. Adiponectin and future coronary heart disease events among men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2005;54(2):534-539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz DR, Lazar MA. Human resistin: found in translation from mouse to man. Trends Endocrinol Metab TEM. 2011;22(7):259-265. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz MW, Baskin DG, Bukowski TR, et al. Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes. 1996;45(4):531-535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segal-Lieberman G, Bradley RL, Kokkotou E, et al. Melanin-concentrating hormone is a critical mediator of the leptin-deficient phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(17):10085-10090. doi:10.1073/pnas.1633636100.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senolt L, Housa D, Vernerova Z, et al. Resistin in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue, synovial fluid and serum. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(4):458-463. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.054734.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seufert J. Leptin effects on pancreatic beta-cell gene expression and function. Diabetes. 2004;53(Suppl 1):S152-S158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen YH, Zhang L, Gan Y, et al. Up-regulation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) mediates p38 MAPK stress signal-induced inhibition of insulin signaling. A cross-talk between stress signaling and insulin signaling in resistin-treated human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(12):7727-7736. doi:10.1074/jbc.M511105200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shetty GK, Economides PA, Horton ES, et al. Circulating adiponectin and resistin levels in relation to metabolic factors, inflammatory markers, and vascular reactivity in diabetic patients and subjects at risk for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2450-2457.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata R, Sato K, Pimentel DR, et al. Adiponectin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through AMPK- and COX-2-dependent mechanisms. Nat Med. 2005;11(10):1096-1103. doi:10.1038/nm1295.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimomura I, Hammer RE, Ikemoto S, et al. Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy. Nature. 1999;401(6748):73-76. doi:10.1038/43448.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shojima N, Sakoda H, Ogihara T, et al. Humoral regulation of resistin expression in 3T3-L1 and mouse adipose cells. Diabetes. 2002;51(6):1737-1744.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sienkiewicz E, Magkos F, Aronis KN, et al. Long-term metreleptin treatment increases bone mineral density and content at the lumbar spine of lean hypoleptinemic women. Metab Clin Exp. 2011;60(9):1211-1221. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.05.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal NS, Patel RT, Qi Y, et al. Loss of resistin ameliorates hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in leptin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295(2):E331-E338. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00577.2007.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spranger J, Verma S, Gohring I, et al. Adiponectin does not cross the blood–brain barrier but modifies cytokine expression of brain endothelial cells. Diabetes. 2006;55(1):141-147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spyridopoulos TN, Petridou ET, Skalkidou A, et al. Low adiponectin levels are associated with renal cell carcinoma: a case–control study. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(7):1573-1578. doi:10.1002/ijc.22526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, et al. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature. 2001;409(6818):307-312. doi:10.1038/35053000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steppan CM, Wang J, Whiteman EL, et al. Activation of SOCS-3 by resistin. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25(4):1569-1575. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.4.1569-1575.2005.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunden-Cullberg J, Nystrom T, Lee ML, et al. Pronounced elevation of resistin correlates with severity of disease in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(6):1536-1542. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000266536.14736.03.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda S, Karsenty G. Molecular bases of the sympathetic regulation of bone mass. Bone. 2008;42(5):837-840. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.01.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda S, Elefteriou F, Levasseur R, et al. Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system. Cell. 2002;111(3):305-317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang NP, Wang LS, Yang L, et al. A polymorphism in the resistin gene promoter and the risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;68(1):82-87. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03003.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarkowski A, Bjersing J, Shestakov A, et al. Resistin competes with lipopolysaccharide for binding to toll-like receptor 4. J Cell Mol Med. 2010;14(6B):1419-1431. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00899.x.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas T, Gori F, Khosla S, et al. Leptin acts on human marrow stromal cells to enhance differentiation to osteoblasts and to inhibit differentiation to adipocytes. Endocrinology. 1999;140(4):1630-1638. doi:10.1210/endo.140.4.6637.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomaru T, Steger DJ, Lefterova MI, et al. Adipocyte-specific expression of murine resistin is mediated by synergism between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(10):6116-6125. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808407200.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomas E, Tsao TS, Saha AK, et al. Enhanced muscle fat oxidation and glucose transport by ACRP30 globular domain: acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(25):16309-16313. doi:10.1073/pnas.222657499.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trevaskis JL, Coffey T, Cole R, et al. Amylin-mediated restoration of leptin responsiveness in diet-induced obesity: magnitude and mechanisms. Endocrinology. 2008;149(11):5679-5687. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0770.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vatier C, Gautier JF, Vigouroux C. Therapeutic use of recombinant methionyl human leptin. Biochimie. 2012;94(10):2116-2125. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.03.013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma S, Li SH, Wang CH, et al. Resistin promotes endothelial cell activation: further evidence of adipokine-endothelial interaction. Circulation. 2003;108(6):736-740. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000084503.91330.49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang ZV, Scherer PE. DsbA-L is a versatile player in adiponectin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(47):18077-18078. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810027105.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang ZV, Schraw TD, Kim JY, et al. Secretion of the adipocyte-specific secretory protein adiponectin critically depends on thiol-mediated protein retention. Mol Cell Biol. 2007;27(10):3716-3731. doi:10.1128/MCB.00931-06.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang MY, Chen L, Clark GO, et al. Leptin therapy in insulin-deficient type I diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(11):4813-4819. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909422107.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS, et al. Low plasma adiponectin levels and risk of colorectal cancer in men: a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(22):1688-1694. doi:10.1093/jnci/dji376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J, et al. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(10):987-997. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wijesekara N, Krishnamurthy M, Bhattacharjee A, et al. Adiponectin-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation protects against pancreatic beta cell apoptosis and increases insulin gene expression and secretion. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(44):33623-33631. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.085084.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong WT, Tian XY, Xu A, et al. Adiponectin is required for PPARgamma-mediated improvement of endothelial function in diabetic mice. Cell Metab. 2011;14(1):104-115. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.05.009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie L, Boyle D, Sanford D, et al. Intracellular trafficking and secretion of adiponectin is dependent on GGA-coated vesicles. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(11):7253-7259. doi:10.1074/jbc.M511313200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xin X, Zhou L, Reyes CM, et al. APPL1 mediates adiponectin-stimulated p38 MAPK activation by scaffolding the TAK1-MKK3-p38 MAPK pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011;300(1):E103-E110. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00427.2010.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu W, Yu L, Zhou W, et al. Resistin increases lipid accumulation and CD36 expression in human macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;351(2):376-382. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.051.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu JY, Sham PC, Xu A, et al. Resistin gene polymorphisms and progression of glycaemia in southern Chinese: a 5-year prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;66(2):211-217. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02710.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Adiponectin receptor as a key player in healthy longevity and obesity-related diseases. Cell Metab. 2013;17(2):185-196. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, et al. The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med. 2001;7(8):941-946. doi:10.1038/90984.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med. 2002;8(11):1288-1295. doi:10.1038/nm788.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, et al. Globular adiponectin protected ob/ob mice from diabetes and ApoE-deficient mice from atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(4):2461-2468. doi:10.1074/jbc.M209033200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Nio Y, Maki T, et al. Targeted disruption of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 causes abrogation of adiponectin binding and metabolic actions. Nat Med. 2007;13(3):332-339. doi:10.1038/nm1557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon MJ, Lee GY, Chung JJ, et al. Adiponectin increases fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells by sequential activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Diabetes. 2006;55(9):2562-2570. doi:10.2337/db05-1322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoccali C, Mallamaci F. Adiponectin and leptin in chronic kidney disease: causal factors or mere risk markers? J Ren Nutr Off J Counc Ren Nutr Natl Kidney Found. 2011;21(1):87-91. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2010.10.014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Panuccio V, et al. Adiponectin is markedly increased in patients with nephrotic syndrome and is related to metabolic risk factors. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003;84:S98-S102. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.63.s84.49.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grant P01-DK-049210 from the National Institutes of Health, USA.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rexford S. Ahima .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Ahima, R.S., Scolaro, L.M., Park, HK. (2016). Adipokines and Metabolism. In: Ahima, R.S. (eds) Metabolic Syndrome. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11251-0_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11251-0_24

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11250-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-11251-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics