Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. CRC is responsible for more than 600,000 deaths annually and incidence rates are increasing in most of the developing countries. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations suggest that environmental factors such as western style dietary habits, tobacco-smoking, and lack of physical activities are considered as risks for CRC. Molecular pathobiology of CRC implicates pro-inflammatory conditions to promote the tumor malignant progression, invasion, and metastasis. It is well known that patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at higher risk of CRC. Many evidences exist reiterating the link between Inflammation and CRC. Inflammation involves interaction between various immune cells, inflammatory cells, chemokines, cytokines, and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, which may lead to signaling towards, tumor cell proliferation, growth, and invasion. Thus, this review will focus on mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species play a role in promoting CRC. Based on these mechanisms, various preventive strategies, involving anti-inflammatory agents, such as COX inhibitors, COX-LOX inhibitors, iNOS inhibitors, natural supplements/agents, and synthetic agents, that blocks the inflammatory pathways and suppress CRC are discussed in this review.
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Abbreviations
- CRC:
-
Colorectal cancer
- CAC:
-
Colitis-associated cancer
- IBD:
-
Inflammatory bowel disease
- NSAIDs:
-
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- NK:
-
Natural killer cells
- DC:
-
Dendritic cells
- ACF:
-
Aberrant crypt foci
- T reg:
-
T regulatory cells
- 5-ASA:
-
5-aminosalicylic acid
- MCP-1:
-
Monocytes chemo attractant protein 1
- PGE2 :
-
Prostaglandin E2
- IL-8:
-
Interleukin-8
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin-6
- IL-10:
-
Interleukin 10
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor- α
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase-2
- PGI2 :
-
Prostaglandin I2
- PGD2 :
-
Prostaglandin D2
- LT:
-
Leukotriene
- HPETE:
-
Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- EETs:
-
Epoxy-eicosatrienoic acids
- EPA:
-
Eicosapentaenoic acid
- DHA:
-
Decosahexaenoic acid
- PUFAs:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
- LX:
-
Lipoxins
- RVs:
-
Resolvins
- AOM:
-
Azoxymethane
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor–κB
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase
- PI3K:
-
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- mPGES:
-
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- FLAP:
-
Five lox activating protein
- DP1:
-
PGD2 receptor
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- nNOS:
-
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- eNOS:
-
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- APC:
-
Adenomatous polyposis coli
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- IL-1β:
-
Interleukin-1β
- AA:
-
Arachidonic acid
- NO-NSAID:
-
NO-releasing NSAID
- IL-4:
-
Interleukin 4
- COXibs:
-
COX-2-specific inhibitors
- FAP:
-
Familial adenomatous polyposis
- L-NAME:
-
L-nitro arginine methyl ester
- Se-PBIT:
-
Selenium [S,S’-1,4-phenylenebis(1,2-ethanediyl) bis-isothiourea]
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- MIP:
-
Macrophage inflammatory protein
- MCP:
-
Monocytes chemo attractant protein
- ABC:
-
ATP-binding cassette
- DMH:
-
Dimethyl hydrazine
- MDFs:
-
Mucin depleted foci
- DSS:
-
Dextran sulfate sodium
- EPA-FFA:
-
Eicosapentaenoic acid-free fatty acid
- ONA:
-
Oleanolic acid
- OT:
-
18α-olean-12-ene-3β-23,28-triol
- 18R-RvE1:
-
5,12,18R-trihydroxy-EPA
- LXA4 :
-
lipoxins A4
- ABC:
-
ATP-binding cassette
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We want to acknowledge the Grant support NCI-R01-94962; NCI-CN-53300 for the work quoted in this chapter and Dr. Julie Sando for her scientific and language editing of this chapter.
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Janakiram, N.B., Rao, C.V. (2014). The Role of Inflammation in Colon Cancer. In: Aggarwal, B., Sung, B., Gupta, S. (eds) Inflammation and Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 816. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_2
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