Abstract
Management of patients with pancreatic cancer is a multidisciplinary approach that presents enormous challenges to the clinician. Overall 5-year survival for all patients remains <3%. Symptoms of early pancreas cancer are nonspecific. As such, only a fraction of patients are candidates for surgery. While surgical resection provides the only curative option, most patients will develop tumor recurrence and die of their disease. To date, the clinical benefits of chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been important but have led to modest improvements. Tumor vaccines have the potential to specifically target the needle of pancreas cancer cells amidst the haystack of normal tissue. The discovery of pancreas tumor-specific antigens and the subsequent ability to harness this technology has become an area of intense interest for tumor immunologists and clinicians alike. Without knowledge of specific antigen targets, the whole tumor cell represents the best source of immunizing antigens. This chapter will focus on the development of whole tumor cell vaccine strategies for pancreas cancer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Evans DB, Abbruzzese JL, Rich TA (1997) Cancer of the pancreas. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Principles and practice of oncology, 5th edn. J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, pp 1054–1087
Conlon KC, Klimstra DS, Brennan MF (1996) Long term survival after curative resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 223(3):273–279
Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Sohn TA et al (1997) Six hundred fifty consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies in the 1990s: pathology, complications and outcomes. Ann Surg 226(3):248–260
Sohn TA, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL et al (2000) Resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas-616 patients: results, outcomes, and prognostic indicators. J Gastrointest Surg 4(6):567–579
Hsu CC, Herman JM, Corsini MM, Winter JM, Callister MD, Haddock MG, Cameron JL, Pawlik TM, Schulick RD, Wolfgang CL, Laheru DA, Farnell MB, Swartz MJ, Gunderson LL, Miller RC (2010) Adjuvant chemoradiation for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: the Johns Hopkins Hospital-Mayo Clinic collaborative study. Ann Surg Oncol 17(4):981–990, Epub 2010 Jan 20
Katz MH, Wang H, Fleming JB, Sun CC, Hwang RF, Wolff RA, Varadhachary G, Abbruzzese JL, Crane CH, Krishnan S, Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK, Lee JE, Pisters PW, Evans DB (2009) Long-term survival after multidisciplinary management of resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 16(4):836–847
Oettle H, Post S, Neuhaus P, Gellert K, Langrehr J, Ridwelski K, Schramm H, Fahlke J, Zuelke C, Burkart C, Gutberlet K, Kettner E, Schmalenberg H, Weigang-Koehler K, Bechstein WO, Niedergethmann M, Schmidt-Wolf I, Roll L, Doerken B, Riess H (2007) Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs. observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297(3):267–277
Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Bassi C, Ghaneh P, Cunningham D, Goldstein D, Padbury R, Moore MJ, Gallinger S, Mariette C, Wente MN, Izbicki JR, Friess H, Lerch MM, Dervenis C, Oláh A, Butturini G, Doi R, Lind PA, Smith D, Valle JW, Palmer DH, Buckels JA, Thompson J, McKay CJ, Rawcliffe CL, Büchler MW, European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer (2010) Adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus folinic acid vs. gemcitabine following pancreatic cancer resection: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 304(10):1073–1081
Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B et al (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409(6822):860–921
Jones S, Zhang X, Parsons DW, Lin JC, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, Mankoo P, Carter H, Kamiyama H, Jimeno A, Hong SM, Fu B, Lin MT, Calhoun ES, Kamiyama M, Walter K, Nikolskaya T, Nikolsky Y, Hartigan J, Smith DR, Hidalgo M, Leach SD, Klein AP, Jaffee EM, Goggins M, Maitra A, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Eshleman JR, Kern SE, Hruban RH, Karchin R, Papadopoulos N, Parmigiani G, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE, Kinzler KW (2008) Core signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancers revealed by global genomic analyses. Science 321(5897):1801–1806, Epub 2008 Sep 4
Velculescu VE, Zhang L, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1995) Serial analysis of gene expression. Science 270:484–487
Zhang L, Zhou W, Velculescu VE, Kern SE, Hruban RH, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1997) Genome expression profiles in normal and cancer cells. Science 276:1268–1272
Lal A, Lash AE, Altschul SF, Velculescu V, Zhang L, McLendon RE, Marra MA, Prange C, Morin PJ, Polyak K, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Strausberg RL, Riggins GJ (1999) A public database for gene expression in human cancers. Cancer Res 59:5403–5407
Lash AE, Tolstoshev CM, Wagner L, Schuler GD, Strausberg RL, Riggins GJ, Altschul SF (2000) SAGEmap: a public gene expression resource. Genome Res 10:1051–1060
Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Maitra A, Shen-Ong GL et al (2002) Discovery of novel tumor markers of pancreatic cancer using global gene expression technology. Am J Pathol 160(4):1239–1249
Argani P, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Ryu B et al (2001) Mesothelin is overexpressed in the vast majority of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: identification of a new pancreatic cancer marker by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Clin Cancer Res 7:3862–3868
Ryu B, Jones J, Blades NJ et al (2002) Relationships and differentially expressed genes among pancreatic cancers examined by large scale serial analysis of gene expression. Cancer Res 62:819–826
Argani P, Rosty C, Reiter RE et al (2001) Discovery of new markers of cancer through serial analysis of gene expression: prostate stem cell antigen is overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 61:4320–4324
Germain RN (1986) Immunology: the ins and outs of antigen processing and presentation. Nature 322:687–689
Steinman RM (1991) The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu Rev Immunol 9:271–296
Pieters J (2000) MHC class II restricted antigen processing and presentation. Adv Immunol 75:159–208
Solheim JC (1999) Class I MHC molecules: assembly and antigen presentation. Immunol Rev 172:11–19
Hammerling GJ, Vogt AB, Kropshofer H (1999) Antigen processing and presentation-towards the millennium. Immunol Rev 172:5–9
Pardoll DM (2002) Spinning molecular immunology into successful immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2:227–238
Chen L, Ashe S, Brady WA et al (1992) Costimulation of antitumor immunity by the B7 counterreceptor for the T lymphocyte molecules CD28 and CTLA-4. Cell 71:1093–1102
Schwartz RH (1992) Costimulation of T lymphocytes, the role of CD28, CTLA-4, and B7/BB1 in interleukin-2 production and immunotherapy. Cell 71:1065–1068
Lechler R, Aichinger G, Lightstone L (1996) The endogenous pathway of MHC class II antigen presentation. Immunol Rev 151:51–79
Ostrand-Rosenberg S (1994) Tumor immunotherapy: the tumor cell as an antigen presenting cell. Curr Opin Immunol 6(5):722–727
Golumbek P, Lazenby A, Levitsky HI et al (1991) Treatment of established renal cancer by tumor cells engineered to secrete interleukin-4. Science 254:713–716
Dranoff G, Jaffee EM, Golumbek P et al (1993) Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine GM-CSF stimulates potent, specific and long lasting anti tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90:3539–3543
Nishihara T, Sawada T, Yamamoto A et al (2000) Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by chimeric monoclonal antibody Nd2 and experimental immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 91(8):817–824
Bruns CJ, Harbison MT, Davis DW et al (2000) Epidermal growth factor receptor blockade with C225 plus gemcitabine results in regression of human pancreatic carcinoma growing orthotopically in nude mice by antiangiogenic mechanisms. Clin Cancer Res 6(5):1936–1948
Green MC, Murray JL, Hortobagyi GN (2000) Monoclonal antibody therapy for solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 26(4):269–286
Tempero M (1998) Biologic therapy of gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Treat Res 98:227–237
Foon KA, Yannelli J, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M (1999) Colorectal cancer as a model for immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 5(2):225–236
Offringa R, Vierboom MP, van der Burg SH, Erdile L, Melief CJ (2000) p53: a potential target antigen for immunotherapy of cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 910:223–233
Abbruzzese JL (2000) Molecular diagnosis of pancreatic and biliary cancer: ready for broad implementation? Cancer J 6(5):282–284
Saforafas GH, Tsiotou AG, Tsiotos GG (2000) Molecular biology of pancreatic cancer; oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, growth factors, and their receptors from a clinical perspective. Cancer Treat Rev 26(1):29–52
Hruban RH, Wilentz RE, Kern SE (2000) Genetic progression in the pancreatic ducts. Am J Pathol 156(6):1821–1825
Hahn SA, Kern SE (1995) Molecular genetics of exocrine pancreatic neoplasms. Surg Clin North Am 75(5):857–869
Bos JL (1989) Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res 49(17):4682–4689
Flanders TY, Foulkes WD (1996) Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: epidemiology and genetics. J Med Genet 33(11):889–898
Hruban RH, Van Mansfeld AD, Offerhaus GJ et al (1993) K-ras oncogene activation in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Am J Pathol 143(2):545–554
Gjertsen MK, Bakka A, Breivik J et al (1995) Vaccination with mutant ras peptides and induction of T-cell responsiveness in pancreatic carcinoma patients carrying the corresponding ras mutation. Lancet 346:1399–1400
Bergmann-Leitner ES, Kantor JA, Shupert WL, Schlom J, Abrams SI (1998) Identification of a human CD8+ T lymphocyte neo-epitope created by a ras codon 12 mutation which is restricted by the HLA-A2 allele. Cell Immunol 187:103–116
Khleif SN, Abrams SI, Hamilton JM et al (1999) A Phase I vaccine trial with peptides reflecting Ras oncogene mutations of solid tumors. J Immunother 22(2):155–165
Toubaji A, Achtar M, Provenzano M et al (2008) Pilot study of mutant ras peptide-based vaccine as an adjuvant treatment in pancreatic and colorectal cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 57(9):1413–1420
Gjertsen MK, Buanes T, Rosseland AR et al (2001) Intradermal ras peptide vaccination with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor as adjuvant: clinical and immunological responses in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 92:441–450
Wang XY, Kaneko Y, Repasky E, Subjeck JR (2000) Heat shock proteins and cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Invest 29(2):131–137
Janetzki S, Blachere NE, Srivastava PK (1998) Generation of tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and memory T cells by immunization with tumor derived heat shock protein gp96. J Immunother 21(4):269–276
Maki RG, Livingston PO, Lewis JJ et al (2007) A phase I pilot study of autologous heat shock protein vaccine HSPPC-96 in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 52(8):1964–1972
Finn OJ, Jerome KR, Henderson RA et al (1995) MUC-1 epithelial tumor mucin-based immunity and vaccines. Immunol Rev 14561–89
Apostopopoulos V, McKenzie IF (1994) Cellular mucins: targets for immunotherapy. Crit Rev Immunol 14(3/4):293–309
Mukherjee P, Ginardi AR, Madsen CS et al (2000) Mice with spontaneous pancreatic cancer naturally develop MUC-1 specific CTLs that eradicate tumors when adoptively transferred. J Immunol 165:3451–3460
Ramanathan RK, Lee K, Mckolanis J et al (2005) Phase I study of a MUC-1 synthetic vaccine admixed with SB-AS2 adjuvant in resected and locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 54(3):254–264, Epub 2004 Sep 14
Hardacre JM, Mulcahy M, Small W, Talamonti M, Obel J, Krishnamurthi S, Rocha-Lima CS, Safran H, Lenz HJ, Chiorean EG (2012) Addition of algenpantucel-L immunotherapy to standard adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer: A phase 2 study. J Gastrointest Surg. Epub ahead of print 2012, Nov 15
Hammarstrom S (1999) The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family: structures, suggested functions and expression in normal and malignant tissues. Semin Cancer Biol 9:67–81
Marshall JL, Hoyer RJ, Toomey MA et al (2000) Phase I study in advanced cancer patients of a diversified prime and boost vaccination protocol using recombinant vaccinia virus and recombinant nonreplicating avipox virus to elicit anti-carcinoembryonic antigen immune responses. J Clin Oncol 18(23):3964–3973
Laheru D, Jaffee EM (2005) Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer—science driving clinical progress. Nat Rev Cancer 5(6):459–467
Fong L, Small EJ (2008) Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 antibody: the first in an emerging class of immunomodulatory antibodies for cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol 26(32):5275–5283
Le D, Lutz E, Huang L, Onners B, Uram J, Solt S, Sugar E, Zheng L, Jaffee E, Laheru D (2012) Phase Ib study of ipilimumab alone or in combination with allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with a GM-CSF gene (vaccine) in pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 30(suppl 4; abstr 211)
Fonsatti E, Maio M, Altomonte M, Hersey P (2010) Biology and clinical applications of CD40 in cancer treatment. Semin Oncol 37(5):517–523
Vonderheide RH, Flaherty KT, Khalil M, Stumacher MS, Bajor DL, Hutnick NA, Sullivan P, Mahany JJ, Gallagher M, Kramer A, Green SJ, O’Dwyer PJ, Running KL, Huhn RD, Antonia SJ (2007) Clinical activity and immune modulation in cancer patients treated with CP-870,893, a novel CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody. J Clin Oncol 25(7):876–883
Beatty GL, Chiorean EG, Fishman MP, Saboury B, Teitelbaum UR, Sun W, Huhn RD, Song W, Li D, Sharp LL, Torigian DA, O’Dwyer PJ, Vonderheide RH (2011) CD40 agonists alter tumor stroma and show efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma in mice and humans. Science 331(6024):1612–1616
Restifo NP (2000) Cancer vaccines: basic principles. In: Rosenberg SA (ed) The principles and practice of the biologic therapy of cancer, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkens, Philadelphia, pp 571–584
Pardoll DM, Jaffee EM (2000) Cancer vaccines: clinical applications. In: Rosenberg SA (ed) The principles and practice of the biologic therapy of cancer, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkens, Philadelphia, pp 647–662
Greten TF, Jaffee EM (1999) Cancer vaccines. J Clin Oncol 17(3):1047–1060
Fearon ER, Itaya T, Hunt B, Vogelstein B, Frost P (1988) Induction in a murine tumor of immunogenic tumor variants by transfection with a foreign gene. Cancer Res 48(11):2975–2980
Dranoff G, Jaffee EM, Golumbek P et al (1993) Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine GM-CSF stimulates potent, specific and long lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3539–3543
Inaba K, Steinman R, Pack M et al (1992) Identification of proliferating dendritic cell precursors in mouse blood. J Exp Med 175:1157–1167
Huang AY, Golumbek PT, Ahmadzadeh M et al (1994) Role of bone marrow derived cells in presenting MHC class I restricted tumor antigens. Science 264:961–965
Nakazaki Y, Tani K, Lin ZT et al (1998) Vaccine effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor or CD80 gene transduced murine hematopoietic tumor cells and their cooperative enhancement of anti-tumor immunity. Gene Ther 5(10):1355–1362
Golumbek PT, Azhari R, Jaffee EM et al (1993) Controlled release biodegradable cytokine depots: a new approach to cancer vaccine design. Cancer Res 53:1–4
Jaffee EM, Abrams RA, Cameron JL et al (1998) A phase I trial of lethally irradiated allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with the GM-CSF gene for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 9:1951–1971
Simons JW, Jaffee EM, Weber C et al (1997) Bioactivity of human GM-CSF gene transduced autologous renal vaccines. Cancer Res 57:1537–1546
Simons JW, Mikhak B, Chang JF et al (1999) Induction of immunity to prostate cancer antigens: results of a clinical trial of vaccination with irradiated autologous prostate tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor using ex vivo gene transfer. Cancer Res 59: 5160–5168
Soiffer R, Lynch T, Mihm M et al (1998) Vaccination with irradiated autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor generates potent antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(22):13141–13146
Cox AL, Skipper J, Chen Y et al (1994) Identification of a peptide recognized by five melanoma specific human cytotoxic T cell lines. Science 264:716–719
Kawakami Y, Eliyahu S, Delgado CH et al (1994) Cloning of the gene coding for a shared human melanoma antigen recognized by autologous T cells infiltrating into tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3515–3519
Jaffee EM, Schutte M, Gossett J et al (1998) Development and characterization of a cytokine-secreting pancreatic adenocarcinoma vaccine from primary tumors for use in clinical trials. Cancer J Sci Am 4:194–203
Jaffee EM, Hruban R, Biedzycki B et al (2001) A novel allogeneic GM-CSF secreting tumor vaccine for pancreatic cancer: a phase I trial of safety and immune activation. J Clin Oncol 19(1):145–156
Davis MP, Dinneen AB, Landa N et al (1999) Grover’s disease: clinicopathologic review of 72 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 74(3):229–234
Lutz E, Yeo CJ, Lillemoe KD, Biedrzycki B, Kobrin B, Herman J, Sugar E, Piantadosi S, Cameron JL, Solt S, Onners B, Tartakovsky I, Choi M, Sharma R, Illei PB, Hruban RH, Abrams RA, Le D, Jaffee E, Laheru D (2011) A lethally irradiated allogeneic granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-secreting tumor vaccine for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A Phase II trial of safety, efficacy, and immune activation. Ann Surg 253(2):328–335
Boon T, Van Den Eynde BJ (2000) Cancer vaccines; cancer antigens. In: Rosenberg SA (ed) The principles and practice of the biologic therapy of cancer, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkens, Philadelphia, pp 493–504
Graham FL, Van Der Eb AJ (1973) A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456–467
Potter H, Weir L, Leder P (1984) Enhancer-dependent expression of human kappa immunoglobulin genes introduced into mouse pre-B lymphocytes by electroporation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81(22):7161–7165
Capecchi MR (1980) High efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of DNA into cultured mammalian cells. Cell 22: 479–488
Felgner PL, Gadek TR, Holm M, Roman R, Chan HW, Wenz M, Northrop JP, Ringold GM, Danielsen M (1987) Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:7413–7417
Banerji J, Rusconi S, Schaffner W (1981) Expression of a beta-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences. Cell 27:299–308
Kingston RE (1993) Introduction of DNA into mammalian cells. In: Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA, Struhl K (eds) Current protocols in molecular biology, vol 1. Wiley, Hoboken
Mulligan RC (1991) Gene transfer and gene therapy. Principles, prospects, and perspective. In: Lindsten J, Pettersson U (eds) Etiology of human diseases at the DNA level. Raven Press, Ltd., New York
Danos O, Mulligan RC (1988) Safe and efficient generation of recombinant retroviruses with amphotropic and ecotropic host ranges. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:6460–6464
Mann R, Mulligan RC, Baltimore D (1983) Construction of a retrovirus packaging mutant and its use to produce helper-free defective retrovirus. Cell 33:153–159
Miller DA, Buttimore C (1986) Redesign of retrovirus packaging cell lines to avoid recombination leading to helper virus production. Mol Cell Biol 6(8):2895–2902
Armentano D, Sheau-Fung Y, Kantoff P, von Ruden T, Anderson WF, Gilboa E (1987) Effect of internal viral sequences on the utility of retroviral vectors. J Virol 61:1647–1650
Lindemann D, Patriquin E, Feng S, Mulligan RC (1997) Versatile retroviral vector systems for regulating gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med 3(7):466–476
Uberla K (2002) Lentivirus vector based on simian immunodeficiency virus. Development and use. Methods Mol Med 69:351–360
Srinivasakumar N (2002) Packaging cell system for lentivirus vectors. Preparation and use. Methods Mol Med 69:275–302
Miller DA, Miller DG, Garcia VJ, Lynch CM (1993) Use of retroviral vectors for gene transfer and expression. Methods Enzymol 217:581–599
Miller AD, Law MF, Verma IM (1985) Generation of helper-free amphotropic retroviruses that transduce a dominant acting, methotrexate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase gene. Mol Cell Biol 5:431–437
Mann R, Baltimore D (1985) Varying the position of a retrovirus packaging sequence results in the encapsidation of both unspliced and spliced RNAs. J Virol 54:401–407
Bosselman RA, Hsu RY, Bruszewski J, Hu F, Martin F, Nicholson M (1987) Replication-defective chimeric helper proviruses and factors affecting generation of competent virus: expression of Muloney murine leukemia virus structural genes via the metallothionein promoter. Mol Cell Biol 7(5):1797–1806
Jaffee EM, Schutte M, Gossett J, Morsberger L, Adler AJ, Thomas M, Greten TF, Hruban RH, Yeo CJ, Griffin GA (1998) Development and characterization of a cytokine secreting pancreatic adenocarcinoma vaccine from primary tumors for use in clinical trials. Cancer J Sci Am 4(3):194–203
Small J, Scangos G (1983) Recombination during gene transfer into mouse cells can restore the function of deleted genes. Science 219:174–176
Kotani H, Newton PB, Zhang S, Chiang YL, Otto E, Weaver L, Balese MR, Anderson FW, McGarrity GJ (1994) Improved methods of retroviral vector transduction and production for gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 5:19–28
Cornetta K, Anderson F (1989) Protamine sulfate as an effective alternative to polybrene in retroviral-mediated gene transfer: implications for human gene therapy. J Virol Methods 23:187–194
Wilson JM, Jefferson DM, Chowdhury JR, Novikoff PM, Johnston DE, Mulligan RC (1988) Retrovirus-mediated transduction of adult hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3014–3018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Laheru, D., Biedrzycki, B., Jaffee, E.M. (2013). Development of a Cytokine-Modified Allogeneic Whole Cell Pancreatic Cancer Vaccine. In: Su, G. (eds) Pancreatic Cancer. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 980. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-287-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-287-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-286-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-287-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols