Abstract
The words “sensory-motor cortex” in this chapter’s title may appear unusual in these days of increasingly finer analysis when it would be more customary to devote individual chapters to each component of this large cortical region. The idea that somatosensory and motor cortex should form some kind of functional unit is now by no means a popular one. The reason for this is hard to determine, as it is difficult to conceive that any motor act is entirely without accompanying sensory phenomena [even allowing for the fact that a certain proportion of motor cortex neurons may not be subjected to immediate sensory feedback (Evarts and Fromm, 1977; see Evarts, this volume)]. Similarly, the involvement of parietal cortex in the analysis of spatial relations and the body image (Mountcastle, 1975) and of premotor cortex in planning movement strategies (Roland et al., 1980), including those into extrapersonal space, implies some kind of relationship between these two and associations between them and somatosensory and primary motor cortex. In view of all this, it does not seem inappropriate to ask: what are the pathways to and from sensory, motor, and premotor cortex; at what levels do they come together; what are the routes of intercommunication between the three cortical regions, and the routes of outflow from them; how does their intrinsic organization reflect the neural processing occurring within them? On account of the functional baseline alluded to above having its origins in human behavior, this chapter will be devoted entirely to the examination of connectivity in the monkey brain. Considerations of many of the comparable features of organization in the brains of cats and rats will be found in the chapters by Zarzecki, Wise and Donoghue, Dykes and Ruest, and Burton.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albe-Fessard, D., and Liebeskind, J., 1966, Origines des messages somato-sensitifs activant le cellules du cortex motor chez le singe, Exp. Brain Res. 1:127–146.
Allen, G. I., Gilbert, P. F. C, Marini, R., Schultz, W., and Yin, T. C. T., 1977, Integration of cerebral and peripheral inputs by interpositus neurons in monkey, Exp. Brain Res. 27:81–99.
Andersen, R. A., Asanuma, C., and Cowan, W. M., 1985, Callosal and prefrontal associational projecting cell populations in area 7A of the macaque monkey: A study using retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes, J. Comp. Neurol. 232:443–455.
Andersson, S. A., Landgren, S., and Wolsk, D., 1966, The thalamic relay and cortical projection of group I muscle afferents from the forelimb of the cat, J. Physiol. (London) 183:576–591.
Applebaum, A. E., Beall, J. E., Foreman, R. D., and Willis, W. D., 1975, Organization and receptive fields of primate spinothalamic tract neurons, J. Neurophysiol. 38:572–586.
Applebaum, A. E., Leonard, R. B., Kenshalo, D. R., Jr., Martin, R. F., and Willis, W. D., 1979, Nuclei in which functionally identified spinothalamic tract neurons terminate, J. Comp. Neurol. 188:575–585.
Asanuma, C., Thach, W. T., and Jones, E. G., 1983a, Cytoarchitectonic delineation of the ventral lateral thalamic region in monkeys, Brain Res. Rev. 5:219–235.
Asanuma, C., Thach, W. T., and Jones, E. G., 1983b, Anatomical evidence for segregated focal groupings of efferent cells and their terminal ramifications in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the monkey, Brain Res. Rev. 5:267–297.
Asanuma, C., Thach, W. T., and Jones, E. G., 1983c, Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the thalamic ventral lateral region of the monkey, Brain Res. Rev. 5:237–265.
Asanuma, H., Larsen, K. D., and Yumiya, H., 1979, Receptive fields of thalamic neurons projecting to the motor cortex in the cat, Brain Res. 172:217–228.
Asanuma, H., Larsen, K., and Yumiya, H., 1980, Peripheral input pathways to the monkey motor cortex, Exp. Brain Res. 38:349–355.
Beckstead, R. M., Domesick, V. B., and Nauta, W. J. H., 1979, Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat, Brain Res. 175:191–218.
Berkley, K. J., 1980, Spatial relationships between the terminations of somatic sensory and motor pathways in the rostral brainstem of cats and monkeys. I. Ascending somatic sensory inputs to lateral diencephalon, J. Comp. Neurol. 193:283–317.
Berkley, K. J., 1983, Spatial relationships between the terminations of sensory-motor pathways in the rostral brainstem of cats and monkeys. II. Cerebellar projections compared with those of the ascending somatic sensory pathways in lateral diencephalon, J. Comp. Neurol. 220:229–251.
Brinkman, J., and Porter, R., 1979, Supplementary motor area of the monkey: Activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task, J. Neurophysiol. 42:681–709.
Brinkman, J., Bush, B. M., and Porter, R., 1978, Deficient influences of peripheral stimuli on precentral neurones in monkeys with dorsal column lesions, J. Physiol. (London) 276:27–48.
Brinkman, J., Colebatch, J. G., Porter, R., and York, D. H., 1986, Responses of precentral cells during cooling of postcentral cortex in conscious monkeys, Exp. Brain Res. (in press).
Brodal, P. 1978, The corticopontine projection in the rhesus monkey: Origin and principles of organization, Brain 101:251–283.
Brodmann, K., 1903, Beiträge zur histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. Dritte Mitteilung: Die Rindenfelder der niederen Affen, J. Psychol. Neurol. 4:177–226.
Brodmann, K., 1909, Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues, Barth, Leipzig, p. 324.
Bullier, J., and Henry, G. H., 1979, Laminar distribution of first-order neurons and afferent terminals in cat striate cortex, J. Neurophysiol. 42:1271–1281.
Burchfiel, J. L., and Duffy, E. H., 1972, Muscle afferent input to single cells in primate somatosensory cortex, Brain Res. 45:241–249.
Burton, H., and Jones, E. G., 1976, The posterior thalamic region and its cortical projection in New World and Old World monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol. 168:249–301.
Carlson, M., 1981, Characteristics of sensory deficits following lesions of Brodmann’s areas 1 and 2 in the postcentral gyrus of Macaca mulatta, Brain Res. 204:424–430.
Carpenter, M. B., Nakano, K., and Kim, R., 1976, Nigrothalamic projections in the monkey demonstrated by autoradiographic technics, J. Comp. Neurol. 165:401–415.
Carreras, M., and Andersson, S. A., 1963, Functional properties of neurons of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus of the cat, J. Neurophysiol 26:100–126.
Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E., and Kuypers, H. G. J. M., 1978, Differential laminar distribution of corticothalamic neurons projecting to the VL and the center median: An HRP study in the cynomolgus monkey, Brain Res. 154:359–365.
Clemo, H. R., and Stein, B. E., 1984, Topographic organization of somatosensory corticotectal influences in cat, J. Neurophysiol 51:843–858.
Conley, M., and Jones, E. G., 1984, Laminar terminations of individual afferent axons in SI cortex in Macaca, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 10:495.
Costanzo, R. M., and Gardner, E. P., 1980, A quantitative analysis of responses of directional-sensitive neurons in somatosensory cortex of awake monkeys, J. Neurophysiol 43:1319–1341.
Coulter, J. D., and Jones, E. G., 1977, Different distribution of corticospinal projections from individual cytoarchitectonic fields in the monkey, Brain Res. 129:335–340.
DeFelipe, J., and Jones, E. G., 1985, Vertical organization of GABA accumulating intrinsic neuronal systems in monkey cerebral cortex, J. Neurosci. 5: 3246–3260.
DeFelipe, J., Hendry, S. H. C., Jones, E. G., and Schmechel, D. E., 1985, Variability in the terminations of GABAergic chandelier cell axons on initial segments of pyramidal cell axons in the monkey sensory-motor cortex, J. Comp. Neurol. 231:363–384.
DeFelipe, J., Conley, M., and Jones, E. G., 1986, Multiple, long-range focal collateralization of axons arising from single neurons in monkey sensory-motor cortex, J. Neurosci. in press.
Devananden, M. S., and Heath, C. D., 1975, A short latency pathway from forearm nerves to area 4 of the baboon’s cerebral cortex, J. Physiol (London) 248:43P-44P.
DeVito, J. L., and Anderson, M. E., 1982, An autoradiographic study of efferent connections of the globus pallidus in Macaca mulatta, Exp. Brain Res. 46:107–117.
Dhanarajan, P., Rüegg, D. G., and Wiesendanger, M., 1977, An anatomical investigation of the corticopontine projection in the primate (Saimiri sciureus): The projection from motor and somatosensory areas, Neuroscience 2:913–922.
Dreher, B., Fukada, Y., and Rodieck, R. W., 1976, Identification, classification and anatomical segregation of cells with X-like and Y-like properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of Old World primates, J. Physiol (London) 258:433–452.
Dykes, R. W., Landry, P., Metherate, R., and Hicks, T. P., 1984, Functional role of GABA in cat primary somatosensory cortex: Shaping receptive fields of cortical neurons, J. Neurophysiol 52:1066–1093.
Ebner, F. F., and Myers, R. E., 1962, Commissural connections in the neocortex of monkey, Anat. Rec. 142:229.
Eccles, J. C., Sabah, N. H., and Täboříková, H., 1974, The pathways responsible for excitation and inhibition of fastigial neurones, Exp. Brain Res. 19:78–99.
Endo, K., Araki, T., and Yagi, N., 1973, The distribution and pattern of axon branching of pyramidal tract cells, Brain Res. 57:484–491.
Evarts, E. V., 1981, Role of motor cortex in voluntary movement in primates, in: Handbook of Physiology, Section I, Volume II (V. B. Brooks and W. T. Thach eds.), American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp. 1083–1120.
Evarts, E. V., and Fromm, C., 1977, Sensory responses in motor cortex neurons during precise motor control, Neurosci. Lett. 5:267–272.
Evarts, E. V., Fromm, C., Kroller, J., and Jennings, V. A., 1983, Motor cortex control of finely graded forces, J. Neurophysiol 49:1199–1215.
Faull, R. L. M., and Carman, J. B., 1968, Ascending projections of the substantia nigra in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol 132:73–92.
Faull, R. L. M., and Mehler, W. R., 1978, The cells of origin of nigrotectal, nigrothalamic and nigrostriatal projections in the rat, Neuroscience 3:989–1002.
Ferrington, D. G., and Rowe, M., 1980, Differential contributions to coding of cutaneous vibratory information by cortical somatosensory areas I and II, J. Neurophysiol 43:310–331.
Ferster, D., and LeVay, S., 1978, The axonal arborizations of lateral geniculate neurons in the striate cortex of the cat, J. Comp. Neurol 182:923–944.
Fetz, E. E., and Baker, M. A., 1969, Response properties of precentral neurons in awake monkeys, Physiologist 12:223.
Fetz, E. E., Finocchio, V., Baker, M. A., and Soso, M. J., 1980, Sensory and motor responses of precentral cortex cells during comparable passive and active joint movements, J. Neurophysiol 43:1070–1089.
Friedman, D. P., 1983, Laminar patterns of termination of cortico-cortical afferents in the somatosensory system, Brain Res. 273:147–151.
Friedman, D. P., and Jones, E. G., 1980, Focal projection of electrophysiologically defined groupings of thalamic cells on the monkey somatic sensory cortex, Brain Res. 191:249–252.
Friedman, D. P., and Jones, E. G., 1981, Thalamic input to areas 3a and 2 in monkeys, J. Neurophysiol 45:59–85.
Friedman, D. P., Jones, E. G., and Burton, H., 1980, Representation pattern in the second somatic sensory area of the monkey cerebral cortex, J. Comp. Neurol 192:21–41.
Friedman, D. P., Murray, E. A., and Mishkin, M., 1982, Cortico-limbic pathway for touch: Connections via somato-sensory cortical fields in the lateral sulcus of the monkey, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 8:38.
Friedman, D. P., Murray, E. A., and O’Neill, J. B., 1983, Thalamic connectivity of the somato-sensory cortical fields of the lateral sulcus of the monkey, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 9:921.
Fromm, C., Wise, S. P., and Evarts, E. V., 1984, Sensory response properties of pyramidal tract neurons in the precentral motor cortex and postcentral gyrus of the rhesus monkey, Exp. Brain Res. 54:177–185.
Gardner, E. P., and Costanzo, R. M., 1981, Properties of kinesthetic neurons in somatosensory cortex of awake monkeys, Brain Res. 214:301–320.
Gilbert, C. D., 1983, Microcircuitry of the visual cortex, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 6:217–248.
Gilbert, C. D., and Wiesel, T. N., 1981, Laminar specialization and intracortical projections in cat primary visual cortex, in: The Cerebral Cortex(F. O. Schmitt and F. G. Worden, eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 211–238.
Goldman-Rakic, P. S., and Schwartz, M. L., 1982, Interdigitation of contralateral and ipsilateral columnar projections to frontal association cortex in primates, Science 216:755–757.
Gottschaldt, K.-M., Vahle-Hinz, C., and Hicks, T. P., 1983, Electrophysiological and microphar- macological studies on mechanisms of input—output transformations in single neurones of the somato-sensory thalamus, in: Somatosensory Integration in the Thalamus(G. Macchi, A. Rustioni, and R. Spreafico, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 199–216.
Graybiel, A. M., Ragsdale, C. W., Jr., Yoneoka, E. S., and Elde, R. P., 1981, An immunohistochemical study of enkephalins and other neuropeptides in the striatum of the cat with evidence that the opiate peptides are arranged to form mosaic patterns in register with the striosomal compartments visible by acetylcholinesterase staining, Neuroscience 6:377–398.
Haight, J. R., 1972, The general organization of somatotopic projections to SII cerebral neocortex in the cat, Brain Res. 44:483–502.
Harvey, R. J., Porter, R., and Rawson, J. A., 1979, Discharges of intracerebellar nuclear cells in monkeys, J. Physiol (London) 297:559–580.
Heath, C. J., and Jones, E. G., 1971, An experimental study of ascending connections from the posterior group of thalamic nuclei in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol 141:397–426.
Heath, C. J., Hore, J., and Phillips, C. G., 1976, Inputs from low threshold muscle and cutaneous afferents of hand and forearm to areas 3a and 3b of baboon’s cerebral cortex, J. Physiol (London) 257:199–227.
Hellweg, F.-C., Schultz, W., and Creutzfeldt, O. D., 1977, Extracellular and intracellular recordings from cat’s cortical whisker projection area: Thalamocortical response transformation, J. Neurophysiol 40:463–479.
Hendry, S. H. C., and Jones, E. G., 1981, Sizes and distributions of intrinsic neurons incorporating tritiated GABA in monkey sensory-motor cortex, J. Neurosci. 1:390–408.
Hendry, S. H. C., and Jones, E. G., 1983a, Thalamic inputs to identified commissural neurons in the monkey somatic sensory cortex, J. Neurocytol. 12:299–316.
Hendry, S. H. C., and Jones, E. G., 1983b, The organization of pyramidal and nonpyramidal cell dendrites in relation to thalamic afferent terminations in the monkey somatic sensory cortex, J . Neurocytol. 12:278–298.
Hendry, S. H. C., Jones, E. G., and Graham, J., 1979, Thalamic relay nuclei for cerebellar and certain related fiber systems in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol 185:679–714.
Hendry, S. H. C., Houser, C. R., Jones, E. G., and Vaughn, J. E., 1981, Synaptic relations of GABAergic intrinsic neurons in monkey somatic sensory cortex, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7:833.
Hendry, S. H. C., Jones, E. G., and Beinfeld, M. C., 1983, Cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons in rat and monkey cerebral cortex make symmetric synapses and have intimate associations with blood vessels, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80:2400–2404.
Hendry, S. H. C., Jones, E. G., DeFelipe, J., Schmechel, D., Brandon, C., and Emson, P. C., 1984, Neuropeptide containing neurons of the cerebral cortex are also GABAergic, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81:6526–6530.
Herkenham, M., and Pert, C. B., 1981, Mosaic distribution of opiate receptors, parafascicular projections and acetylcholinesterase in rat striatum, Nature 291:415–418.
Hore, J., Preston, J. B., Durkovic, R. G., and Cheney, P. D., 1976, Response of cortical neurons (areas 3a and 4) to ramp stretch of hindlimb muscles in the baboon, J. Neurophysiol 39:484–500.
Horne, M. K., and Porter, R., 1980, The discharges during movement of cells in the ventrolateral thalamus of the conscious monkey, J. Physiol (London) 304:349–372.
Horne, M. K., and Tracey, D. J., 1979, The afferents and projections of the ventroposterolateral thalamus in the monkey, Exp. Brain Res. 36:129–141.
Houser, C., Hendry, S. H. C., Jones, E. G., and Vaughn, J. E., 1983, Synaptic organization of immunocytochemically identified GABAergic neurons in monkey sensory-motor cortex, J. Neurocytol 12:617–638.
Hyvärinen, J., and Poranen, A., 1978, Movement-sensitive and direction and orientation-selective cutaneous receptive fields in the hand area of the post-central gyrus in monkeys, J. Physiol (London) 283:523–538.
Iwamura, Y., and Tanaka, M., 1978, Postcentral neurons in hand region of area 2: Their possible role in the form discrimination of tactile objects, Brain Res. 150:662–666.
Iwamura, Y., Tanaka, M., Hikosaka, O., 1980, Overlapping representation of fingers in the somatosensory cortex (area 2) of the conscious monkey, Brain Res. 197:516–520.
Iwamura, Y., Tanaka, M., Sakamoto, M., and Hikosaka, O., 1983a, Functional subdivisions representing different finger regions in area 3 of the first somatosensory cortex of the conscious monkey, Exp. Brain Res. 51:315–326.
Iwamura, Y., Tanaka, M., Sakamoto, M., and Hikosaka, O., 1983b, Converging patterns of finger representation and complex response properties of neurons in area 1 of the first somatosensory cortex in the conscious monkey, Exp. Brain Res. 51:327–337.
Jankowska, E., Padel, Y., and Tanaka, R., 1975, Projections of pyramidal tract cells to motoneurons innervating hindlimb muscles in the monkey, J. Physiol. (London) 249:637–667.
Jennings, V. A., Lamour, Y., Solis, H., and Fromm, C., 1983, Somatosensory cortex activity related to position and force, J. Neurophysiol. 49:1216–1229.
Jenny, A. B., 1979, Commissural projections of the cortical hand motor area in monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol 188:137–146.
Jones, E. G., 1975a, Lamination and differential distribution of thalamic afferents within the sensory- motor cortex of the squirrel monkey, J. Comp. Neurol 160:167–204.
Jones, E. G., 1975b, Some aspects of organization of the thalamic reticular complex, J. Comp. Neurol 162:285–308.
Jones, E. G., 1975c, Varieties and distribution of non-pyramidal cells in the somatic sensory cortex of the squirrel monkey, J. Comp. Neurol 160:205–267.
Jones, E. G., 1981a, Functional subdivision and synaptic organization of the mammalian thalamus, in: International Review of Physiology: Neurophysiology IV(R. Porter, ed.), University Park Press, Baltimore, pp. 173–245.
Jones, E. G. 1981b, Anatomy of cerebral cortex: Columnar input—output organization, in: The Organization of the Cerebral Cortex(F. O. Schmitt, F. G. Worden, G. Adelman, and S. G. Dennis, eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 199–236.
Jones, E. G., 1983a, The columnar basis of cortical circuitry, in: Clinical Neurosciences, Volume 5 (R. N. Rosenberg and W. D. Willis, eds.), Churchill/Livingstone, London, pp. 357–384.
Jones, E. G., 1983b, Lack of collateral thalamocortical projection to fields of the first somatic sensory cortex in monkeys, Exp. Brain Res. 52:375–384.
Jones, E. G., 1984a, Laminar distribution of output cells, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume I (A. Peters and E. G.Jones, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 521–553.
Jones, E. G., 1984b, Organization of the thalamocortical complex and its relation to sensory processes, in: Handbook of PhysiologySection I, Volume III (I. Darian-Smith, ed.), American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 149–212.
Jones, E. G., 1984c, Identification and classification of intrinsic circuit elements in the neocortex, in: Dynamic Aspects of Neocortical Organization(G. M. Edelman, W. M. Cowan, and W. E. Gall, eds.), Wiley, New York, pp. 7–40.
Jones, E. G., 1985, The Thalamus, Plenum Press, New York.
Jones, E. G., and Burton, H., 1976, Areal differences in the laminar distribution of thalamic afferents in cortical fields of the insular, parietal and temporal regions of primates, J . Comp. Neurol 168:197–247.
Jones, E. G., and Friedman, D. P., 1982, Projection pattern of functional components of thalamic ventrobasal complex on monkey somatosensory cortex, J. Neurophysiol 48:521–544.
Jones, E. G., and Hendry, S. H. C., 1980, Distribution of callosal fibers around the hand representations in monkey somatic sensory cortex, Neurosci. Lett. 19:167–172.
Jones, E. G., and Hendry, S. H. C., 1984, Basket cells, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 1 (A. Peters and E. G. Jones, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 309–336.
Jones, E. G., and Leavitt, R. Y., 1974, Retrograde axonal transport and the demonstration of nonspecific projections to the cerebral cortex and striatum from thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the rat, cat and monkey, J. Comp. Neurol 154:(4):349–378.
Jones, E. G., and Porter, R., 1980, What is area 3a?, Brain Res. Rev. 2:1–43.
Jones, E. G., and Powell, T. P. S., 1969a, Connexions of the somatic sensory cortex of the rhesus monkey. I. Ipsilateral cortical connexions, Brain 92:477–502.
Jones, E. G., and Powell, T. P. S., 1969b, Connexions of the somatic sensory cortex of the rhesus monkey. II. Contralateral cortical connexions, Brain 92:717–730.
Jones, E. G., and Powell, T. P. S., 1970, Connexions of the somatic sensory cortex of the rhesus monkey. III. Thalamic connexions, Brain 93:37–56.
Jones, E. G., and Wise, S. P., 1977, Size, laminar and columnar distribution of efferent cells in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol 175:391–438.
Jones, E. G., Burton, H., and Porter, R., 1975, Commissural and cortico-cortical “columns” in the somatic sensory cortex of primates, Science 190:572–574.
Jones, E. G., Coulter, J. D., Burton, H., and Porter, R., 1977, Cells of origin and terminal distribution of corticostriatal fibers arising in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol. 173:53–80.
Jones, E. G., Coulter, J. D., and Hendry, S. H. C., 1978, Intracortical connectivity of architectonic fields in the somatic sensory, motor and parietal cortex of monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol. 181:291–348.
Jones, E. G., Coulter, J. D., and Wise, S. P., 1979a, Commissural columns in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol 188:113–136.
Jones, E. G., Wise, S. P., and Coulter, J. D., 1979b, Differential thalamic relationships of sensory- motor and parietal cortical fields in monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol 183:833–882.
Jones, E. G., Friedman, D. P., and Hendry, S. H. C., 1982, Thalamic basis of place- and modality- specific columns in monkey somatosensory cortex: A correlative anatomical and physiological study, J. Neurophysiol 48:545–568.
Jones, E. G., Hendry, S. H. C., and Brandon, C., 1986, Cytochrome oxidase staining reveals functional organization of monkey somatosensory thalamus, Exp. Brain Res. in press.
Juliano, S. L., Hand, P. J., and Whitsel, B. L., 1981, Patterns of increased metabolic activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys Macaca fascicularis, subjected to controlled cutaneous stimulation: A 2-deoxyglucose study, J. Neurophysiol 46:1260–1284.
Kaas, J. H., Nelson, R. J., Sur, M., Lin, C.-S., and Merzenich, M. M., 1979, Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates, Science, 204:521–523.
Kalil, K., 1981, Projections of the cerebellar and dorsal column nuclei upon the thalamus of the rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol 195:25–50.
Kaplan, E., and Shapley, R. M., 1982, X and Y cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque monkeys, J. Physiol (London) 330:125–143.
Kemp, J. M., and Powell, T. P. S., 1971, The connexions of the striatum and globus pallidus: Synthesis and speculation, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 262:441–457.
Kenshalo, D. R., Jr., and Isensee, O., 1983, Responses of primate SI cortical neurons to noxious stimuli, J. Neurophysiol 50:1479–1496.
Kenshalo, D. R., Jr., Giesler, G. J., Jr., Leonard, R. B., and Willis, W. D., 1980, Responses of neurons in primate ventral posterior lateral nucleus to noxious stimuli, J. Neurophysiol 43:1594–1614.
Killackey, H. P., Gould, H. J., Cusick, C. G., Pons, T. P., and Kaas, J. H., 1983, The relation of corpus callosum connections to architectonic fields and body surface maps in sensorimotor cortex of New and Old World monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol 219:384–419.
Kim, R., Nakano, K., Jayaraman, A., and Carpenter, M. B., 1976, Projections of the globus pallidus and adjacent structures: An autoradiographic study in the monkey, J. Comp. Neurol 169:263–290.
Krnjević, K., 1984, Neurotransmitters of the cerebral cortex: A general account, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 2 (E. G. Jones and A. Peters, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 39–62.
Kruger, L., 1956, Characteristics of the somatic afferent projection to the precentral cortex in the monkey, Am. J. Physiol 186:475–482.
Künzle, H., 1975, Bilateral projections from precentral motor cortex to the putamen and other parts of the basal ganglia: An autoradiographic study in Macaca fascicularis, Brain Res. 88:195–210.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., and Brinkman, J., 1970, Precentral projections to different parts of the spinal intermediate zone in the rhesus monkey, Brain Res. 24:29–48.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., and Lawrence, D. G., 1967, Cortical projections to the red nucleus and the brain stem in the rhesus monkey, Brain Res. 4:151–188.
Lange, W., Büttner-Ennever, J. A., and Büttner, U., 1979, Vestibular projections to the monkey thalamus: An autoradiographic study, Brain Res. 177:3–18.
Lassek, A. M., 1941, The pyramidal tract of the monkey, J. Comp. Neurol 74:192–202.
Le Gros Clark, W. E., and Boggon, R. H., 1935, The thalamic connections of the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain in the monkey, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 224:313–359.
Le Gros Clark, W. E., and Powell, T. P. S., 1953, On the thalamo-cortical connexions of the general sensory cortex of Macaca, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 141:467–487.
Lemon, R. N., and Porter, R., 1976, Afferent input to movement-related precentral neurones in conscious monkeys, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 194:313–339.
Lemon, R. N., and van der Burg, J., 1979, Short-latency peripheral inputs to thalamic neurones projecting to the motor cortex in the monkey, Exp. Brain Res. 36:445–462.
Lemon, R. N., Hanby, J. A., and Porter, R., 1976, Relationship between the activity of precentral neurons during active and passive movements in conscious monkeys, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 197:341–373.
Livingstone, M. S., and Hubel, D. H., 1982, Thalamic inputs to cytochrome oxidase-rich regions in monkey visual cortex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6098–6101.
Lucier, G. E., Rüegg, D. C., and Wiesendanger, M., 1975, Responses of neurones in motor cortex and in area 3A to controlled stretches of forelimb muscles in cebus monkeys, J. Physiol. (London) 251:833–853.
Macpherson, J. M., Rasmusson, D. D., and Murphy, J. T., 1980, Activities of neurons in “motor” thalamus during control of limb movement in the primate, J. Neurophysiol. 44:11–28.
Maendly, R., Rüegg, D. G., Wiesendanger, M., Wiesendanger, R., Lagowska, J., and Hess, B., 1981, Thalamic relay for group I muscle afferents of forelimb nerves in the monkey, J. Neurophysiol. 46:901–917.
Malis, L. I., Pribram, K. H., and Kruger, L., 1953, Action potentials in “motor” cortex evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation, J. Neurophysiol. 16:161–167.
Manson, J., 1969, The somatosensory cortical projections of single nerve cells in the thalamus of the cat, Brain Res. 12:489–492.
Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H. B., 1973, Is the human stretch reflex cortical rather than spinal?, Lancet 1:759–761.
Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., Morton, H. B., and Adam, J., 1977, The effect of posterior column lesions on sense responses from the human long thumb flexor, Brain 100:185–200.
Mehler, W. R., 1971, Idea of a new anatomy of the thalamus, J. Psychiatr. Res. 8:203–217.
Mehler, W. R., and Nauta, W. J. H., 1974, Connections of the basal ganglia and of the cerebellum, Confin. Neurol. 36:205–222.
Mountcastle, V. B., 1984, Central nervous mechanisms in mechanoreceptive sensibility, in: Handbook of Physiology, Section I, Volume III (I. Darian-Smith, ed.), American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp. 789–876.
Mountcastle, V. B., and Henneman, E., 1952, The representation of tactile sensibility in the thalamus of the monkey, J. Comp. Neurol. 97:409–440.
Mountcastle, V. B., and Powell, T. P. S., 1959, Neural mechanisms subserving cutaneous sensibility, with special reference to the role of afferent inhibition in sensory perception and discrimination, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 105:201–232.
Mountcastle, V. B., Poggio, G. F., and Werner, G., 1963, The relation of thalamic cell response to peripheral stimuli varied over an intensive continuum, J. Neurophysiol. 26:807–834.
Mountcastle, V. B., Talbot, W. H., Sakata, H., and Hyvärinen, J., 1969, Cortical neuronal mechanisms in flutter-vibration studied in unanesthetized monkeys: Neuronal periodicity and frequency discrimination, J. Neurophysiol. 32:452–484.
Mountcastle, V. B., Lynch, J. C., Georgopoulos, A., Sakata, H., and Acuna, C., 1975, Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: Command functions for operations within extrapersonal space, J. Neurophysiol. 38:871–908.
Muakkassa, K. F., and Strick, P. L., 1979, Frontal lobe inputs to primate motor cortex: Evidence for four somatotopically organized “premotor” areas, Brain Res. 177:176–182.
Murray, E. A., and Coulter, J. D., 1981a, Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey, J. Comp. Neurol. 195:339–365.
Murray, E. A., and Coulter, J. D., 1981b, Supplementary sensory area: The medial parietal cortex in the monkey, in: Cortical Sensory Organization, Volume 1 (C. N. Woolsey, ed.), Humana Press, Clifton, N.J., pp. 167–195.
Nelson, R. J., Sur, M., Felleman, D. J., and Kaas, J. H., 1980, Representations of the body surface in postcentral parietal cortex of Macaca fascicularis, J. Comp. Neurol. 192:611–643.
Olszewski, J., 1952, The Thalamus of the Macaca Mulatta: An Atlas for Use with the Stereotaxic Instrument, Karger, Basel.
Pandya, D. N., and Vignolo, L. A., 1969, Interhemispheric projections of the parietal lobe in the rhesus monkey, Brain Res. 15:49–66.
Paul, R. L., Merzenich, M., and Goodman, H., 1972, Representation of slowly adapting and rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the hand in Brodmann’s areas 3 and 1 of Macaca mulatta, Brain Res. 36:229–249.
Penny, G. R., Itoh, K., and Diamond, I. T., 1982, Cells of different sizes in the ventral nuclei project to different layers of the somatic cortex in the cat, Brain Res. 242:55–65.
Peters, A., and Jones, E. G., 1984, Classification of cortical neurons, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 1 (A. Peters and E. G. Jones, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 107–122.
Phillips, C. G., 1969, Motor apparatus of the baboon’s hand, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 173:141–174.
Phillips, C. G., Powell, T. P. S., and Wiesendanger, M., 1971, Projection from low threshold muscle afferents of hand and forearm to area 3a of baboon’s cortex, J. Physiol. (London) 217:419–446.
Poggio, G. F., and Mountcastle, V. B., 1963, The functional properties of ventrobasal thalamic neurons studied in unanesthetized monkeys, J. Neurophysiol. 26:775–806.
Powell, T. P. S., and Mountcastle, V. B., 1959, Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: A correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 105:133–162.
Purpura, D. P., McMurtry, J. G., and Maekawa, K., 1966, Synaptic events in ventrolateral thalamic neurons during suppression of recruiting responses by brain stem reticular stimulation, Brain Res. 1:63–76.
Ramón y Cajal, S., 1909–1911, Histologie du Système Nerveux de l’Homme et des Vertébrés, Maloine, Paris.
Randolph, M., and Semmes, J., 1974, Behavioral consequences of selective subtotal ablations in the postcentral gyrus of Macaca mulatta, Brain Res. 70:55–70.
Roberts, T. S., and Akert, K., 1963, Insular and opercular cortex and its thalamic projection in Macaca mulatta, Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Neurochir. Psychiatr. 92:1–43.
Robinson, C. J., and Burton, H., 1980a, Somatotopographic organization in the second somatosensory area of M. fascicularis, J. Comp. Neurol. 192:43–68.
Robinson, C. J., and Burton, H., 1980b, Organization of somatosensory receptive fields in cortical areas 7b, retroinsular, postauditory and granular insula of M. fascicularis, J. Comp. Neurol. 192:69–92.
Robinson, C. J., and Burton, H., 1980c, Somatic submodality distribution within the second somatosensory (SII), 7b, retroinsular, postauditory, and granular insular cortical areas of M. fascicularis, J. Comp. Neurol. 192:93–108.
Roland, P. E., Larsen, B., Lassen, N. A., and Skinhöj, E., 1980, Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man, J. Neurophysiol. 43:118–136.
Rosén, I., 1969, Excitation of group I activated thalamocortical relay neurons in the cat, J. Physiol. (London) 205:237–255.
Rosén, I., and Asanuma, H., 1972, Peripheral afferent inputs to the forelimb area of the monkey motor cortex: Input—output relations, Exp. Brain Res. 14:257–273.
Royce, G. J., 1982, Laminar origin of neurons which project upon the caudate nucleus: A horseradish perioxidase investigation in the cat, Brain Res. 205:8–29.
Sanderson, K. J., 1971, The projection of the visual field to the lateral geniculate and medial interlaminar nuclei in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol. 143:101–118.
Schell, G. R., and Strick, P. L., 1984, The origin of thalamic inputs to the arcuate premotor and supplementary motor areas, J. Neurosci. 4:539–560.
Schwartz, M. L., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S., 1982, Single cortical neurons have axon collaterals to ipsilateral and contralateral cortex in fetal and adult primates, Nature 299:154–156.
Shanks, M. F., Pearson, R. C. A., and Powell, T. P. S., 1985a, The callosal connexions of the primary somatic sensory cortex in the monkey, Brain Res. Rev. 9:43–66.
Shanks, M. F., Pearson, R. C. A., and Powell, T. P. S., 1985b, The ipsilateral corticocortical connexions between the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the primary somatic sensory cortex in the monkey, Brain Res. Rev. 9:67–88.
Sherman, S. M., Wilson, J. R., Kaas, J. H., and Webb, S. V., 1976, X- and Y-cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), Science 192:475–477.
Shinoda, Y., Yamazaki, M., and Futami, T., 1982, Convergent inputs from the dentate and the interpositus nuclei to pyramidal tract neurons in the motor cortex, Neurosci. Lett. 34:111–115.
Sloper, J. J., and Powell, T. P. S., 1979, An experimental electron microscopic study of afferent connections to the primate motor and somatic sensory cortices, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 285:199–226.
Spreafico, R., Whitsel, B. L., Rustioni, A., and McKenna, T. M., 1983, The organization of nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) of the cat and its relationship to the forelimb representation in cerebral cortical area SI, in: Somatosensory Integration in the Thalamus(G. Macchi, A. Rustioni, and R. Spreafico, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 289–308.
Stanton, G. B., 1980, Topographical organization of ascending cerebellar projections from the dentate and interposed nuclei in Macaca mulatta: An anterograde degeneration study, J. Comp. Neurol. 190:699–733.
Stanton, G. B., Cruce, W. L. R., Goldberg, M. E., and Robinson, D. L., 1977, Some ipsilateral projections to areas PF and PG of the inferior parietal lobule in monkeys, Neurosci. Lett. 6:243–256.
Stein, B. E., Spencer, R. F., and Edwards, S. B., 1983, The origin of somatosensory corticotectal projections in cat, J. Neurophysiol. 50:896–909.
Streit, P., 1980, Selective retrograde labeling indicating the transmitter of neuronal pathways, J. Comp. Neurol. 191:429–463.
Strick, P. L., 1976, Anatomical analysis of ventrolateral thalamic input in primate motor cortex, J. Neurophysiol. 39:1020–1031.
Strick, P. L., and Preston, J. B., 1978, Multiple representations in the primate motor cortex, Brain Res. 154:366–370.
Sur, M., Wall, J. T., and Kaas, J. H., 1981, Modular segregation of functional cell classes within the postcentral somatosensory cortex of monkeys, Science 212:1059–1061.
Tanji, J., and Wise, S. P., 1981, Submodality distribution in sensorimotor cortex of the unanesthetized monkey, J. Neurophysiol. 45:467–481.
Tanji, J., Taniguchi, K., and Saga, T., 1980, Supplementary motor area: Neuronal response to motor instructions, J. Neurophysiol. 43:60–68.
Tarlov, E., 1969, The rostral projections of the primate vestibular nuclei: An experimental study in macaque, baboon and chimpanzee, J. Comp. Neurol. 135:27–56.
Thach, W. T., 1978, Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum, J . Neurophysiol. 41:654–676.
Thach, W. T., and Jones, E. G., 1979, The cerebellar dentatothalamic connection: Terminal field, lamellae, rods and somatotopy, Brain Res. 169:168–172.
Tracey, D. J., Asanuma, C., Jones, E. G., and Porter, R., 1980, Thalamic relay to motor cortex: Afferent pathways from brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord in monkeys, J. Neurophysiol. 44:532–554.
Trevino, D. L., and Carstens, E., 1975, Confirmation of the location of spinothalamic neurons in the cat and monkey by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, Brain Res. 98:177–182.
Uno, M., Yoshida, M., and Hirota, I., 1970, The mode of cerebello-thalamic relay transmission investigated with intracellular recordings from cells of the ventrolateral nucleus of cat’;s thalamus, Exp. Brain Res. 10:121–139.
Vogt, B. A., and Pandya, D. N., 1977, Cortico-cortical connections of somatic sensory cortex (areas 3, 1 and 2) in the rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol. 177:179–191.
Vogt, C., 1909, La myeloarchitecture du thalamus du cercopiteque, J. Psychol. Neurol. 12:285–324.
Vogt, C., and Vogt, O., 1919, Allgemeinere Ergebnisse unserer Hirnforschung, J. Psychol. Neurol. 25:277–462.
Vogt, C., and Vogt, O., 1941, Thalamusstudien I–III: I. Zur Einfuhrung. II. Homogenitat und Grenzgestaltung der Grisea des Thalamus. III. Das Griseum centrale (Centrum medianum Luys), J. Psychol. Neurol. 50:32–154.
Von Bonin, G., 1949, Architecture of the precentral motor cortex and some adjacent areas, in: The Precentral Motor Cortex(P. C. Bucy, ed.), University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 7–83.
Walker, A. E., 1938, The Primate Thalamus, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Weinrich, M., and Wise, S. P., 1982, The premotor cortex of the monkey, J. Neurosci. 2:1329–1342.
Welt, C., Aschoff, J. C., Kameda, K., and Brooks, V. B., 1967, Intra-cortical organization of cat’s motor sensory neurons, in: Neurophysiological Basis of Normal and Abnormal Motor Activities(M. D. Yahr and D. P. Purpura, eds.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 255–288.
Werner, G., and Mountcastle, V. B., 1963, The variability of central neural activity in a sensory system, and its implications for the central reflection of sensory events, J. Neurophysiol. 26:958–977.
Whitsel, B. L., Petrucelli, L. M., and Werner, G., 1969, Symmetry and connectivity in the map of the body surface in somatosensory area II of primates, J. Neurophysiol. 32:170–183.
Wiesendanger, M., 1973, Input from muscle and cutaneous nerves of the hand and forearm to neurons of the precentral gyrus of baboons and monkeys, J. Physiol (London) 228:203–219.
Wiesendanger, M., Rüegg, D. C., and Lucier, G. E., 1976, The influence from stretch receptors on cortical cells of area 3a and 4 in monkey, Exp. Brain Res. Suppl. 1:437–439.
Willis, W. D., Kenshalo, D. R., Jr., and Leonard, R. B., 1979, The cells of origin of the primate spinothalamic tract, J. Comp. Neurol 188:543–574.
Wise, S. P., 1985, The primate premotor cortex: Past, present, and preparatory, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8:1–20.
Wolpaw, J. R., 1980, Correlations between task-related activity and responses to perturbations in primate sensorimotor cortex, J. Neurophysiol 44 :1122–1143.
Woolsey, C. N., 1958, Organization of somatic sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex, in: Biological and Biochemical Bases of Behavior(H. F. Harlow and C. N. Woolsey, eds.), University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 63–81.
Zant, J. D., and Strick, P. I., 1978, The cells of origin of interhemispheric connections in the primate motor cortex, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 4:308.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jones, E.G. (1986). Connectivity of the Primate Sensory-Motor Cortex. In: Jones, E.G., Peters, A. (eds) Sensory-Motor Areas and Aspects of Cortical Connectivity. Cerebral Cortex, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2149-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2149-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9268-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2149-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive