Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 22))

Abstract

Most amphibians have within their ears the substrate to hear efficiently underwater, underground, and in air, a talent few if any other vertebrates can lay claim to. They have achieved this by being very conservative in the nature of novel addition s and specialized adaptations to their ears. Indeed, regressive events appear to be just as common as progressive trends in the evolution of the amphibian ear. As a result, the amphibian ear reflects a diverse array of basically simple, presumably reliable mechanisms of auditory transduction; mechanisms that have in essence served as the foundations of the more sophisticated hearing apparati seen in other terrestrial vertebrates. Understanding of the mechanisms of hearing in amphibians can thus offer many insights into the physical and ecological forces that have fueled the evolution of hearing in terrestrial vertebrates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Art JJ, Fettiplace R (1987) Variation of membrane properties in hair cells isolated from the turtle cochlea. J Physiol (Lond) 385:207–242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Art JJ, Goodman MB (1996) Ionic conductances and hair cell tuning in the turtle cochlea. Ann NY Acad Sci 781:103–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baird IL (1974) Some aspects of the comparative anatomy and evolution of the inner ear in submammalian vertebrates. Brain Behav Evol 10:11–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergeijk WA van (1967) The evolution of vertebrate hearing. In: Neff WD (ed) Contributions to Sensory Physiology. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergeijk WA van, Witschi W (1957) The basilar papilla of the anuran ear. Acat Anat 30:81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bever MM, Fekete DM (1999) Ventromedial focus of cell death is absent during development of Xenopus and zebrafish inner ears. J Neurocyt 28:781–793.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bissonnette JP, Fekete DM (1996) Standard atlas of the gross anatomy of the developing inner ear of the chicken. J Comp Neurol 368:620–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolt JR, Lombard RE (1992) Nature and quality of the fossil evidence for otic evolution in early tetrapods. In: Webster DB, Fay RR, Popper AN (eds) The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 377–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boord RL, Grochow LB, Frishkopf LS (1970) Organization of the posterior ramus and ganglion of the VIIIth cranial nerve of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. MIT Res Lab Electr Quart Prog Rep 99:180–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlett HMd (1934) Vergleichende Anatomie des statoakustishen Organs. In: Bolk L, Göppoert E, Kallius E, Lubosch W (eds) Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, vol 2. Berlin: Urban und Schwarzenberg, pp. 1293–1492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callery EM, Fang H, Elinson RP (2001) Frogs without polliwogs: evolution of anuran direct development. Bioessays 23:233–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capranica RR (1976) Morphology and physiology of the auditory system. In: Llinas R, Precht W (eds) Frog Neurobiology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 551–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capranica RR, Moffat AJM (1975) Selectivity of peripheral auditory systems of the spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus couchi) for sounds of biological significance. J Comp Physiol 100:231–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Elepfandt A (1995) Biophysics of underwater hearing in the clawed frog, Xenopus loevis. J. Comp Physiol [A] 176:317–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Jørgensen MB (1988) The response characteristics of vibrationsensitive saccular fibers in the grassfrog, Rana temporaria. J Comp Physiol [A] 162: 633–638.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Jørgensen MB (1996) Sound and vibration sensitivity of VIIIth nerve fibers in the grassfrog, Rana temporaria. J Comp Physiol [A] 179:437–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Narins PM (1993) Sound and vibration sensitivity of VIIIth nerve fibers in the frogs Leptodactylus albilabris and Rana pipiens pipiens. J Comp Physiol [A] 172:653–662.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clack JA (1997) The evolution of tetrapod ears and the fossil record. Brain Behav Evol 50:198–212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clack JA (2002) Patterns and processes in the early evolution of the tetrapod ear. J Neurobiol 53:251–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clack JA, Ahlberg PE, Finney SM, Dominguez A, Robinson J, Ketcham RA (2003) A uniquely specialised ear in a very early tetrapod. Nature 425:65–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coates MI, Clack JA (1991) Fish-like gills and breathing in the earliest known tetrapod. Nature 352:234–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corey DP, Hudspeth AJ (1979) Ionic basis of the receptor potential in a vertebrate hair cell. Nature 281:675–677.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cortopassi KA, Lewis ER (1996) High-frequency tuning properties of bullfrog lagenar vestibular afferent fibers. J Vestib Res 6:105–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cortopassi KA, Lewis ER (1998) A comparison of the linear tuning properties of two classes of axons in the bullfrog lagena. Brain Behav Evol 51:331–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corwin JT (1977) Morphology of the macula neglecta in sharks of the genus Carcharhinus. J Morphol 152:341–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corwin JT (1981) Audition in elasmobranchs. In: Tavolga WN, Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 81–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford AC, Fettiplace R (1981) Non-linearities in the responses of turtle hair cells. J Physiol (Lond) 315:317–338.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duellman WE, Trueb L (1994) The Biology of Amphibians. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egert D, Lewis ER (1995) Temperature-dependence of saccular nerve fiber response in the North American bullfrog. Hear Res 84:72–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehret G, Moffat AJ, Capranica RR (1983) Two-tone suppression in auditory nerve fibers of the green treefrog (Hyla cinerea). J Acoust Soc Am 73:2093–2095.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehret G, Tautz J, Schmitz B, Narins PM (1990) Hearing through the lungs: lung-eardrum transmission of sound in the frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. Naturwissenschaften 77: 192–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehret G, Keilwerth E, Kamada T (1994) The lung-eardrum pathway in three treefrog and four dendrobatid frog species: some properties of sound transmission. J Exp Biol 195: 329–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fay RR, Edds-Walton PL (1997) Directional response properties of saccular afferents of the toadfish, Opsanus tau. Hear Res 111:1–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fekete DM (1999) Development of the vertebrate inner ear: insights from knockouts and mutants. Trends Neurosci 22:263–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng AS, Narins PM, Capranica RR (1975) Three populations of primary auditory fibers in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana): their peripheral origins and sensitivities. J Comp Phys 100:221–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flock Å (1965) Transducing mechanisms in the lateral line canal organ receptors. In: Frisch L (ed) Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology: Sensory Receptors, vol 30. Cold Spring Harbor: CSH Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, pp. 133–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frishkopf LS, Geisler CD (1966) Peripheral origins of auditory responses from the eighth nerve of the bullfrog. J Acoust Soc Am 40:469–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frishkopf LS, Goldstein MH (1963) Responses to acoustic stimuli from single units in the eighth nerve of the bullfrog. J Acoust Soc Am 35:1219–1228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch B (1987) Inner ear of the coelacanth fish Latimeria has tetrapod affinities. Nature 327:153–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch B (1992) The water-to-land transition: evolution of the tetrapod basilar papilla, middle ear, and auditory nuclei. In: Webster DB, Fay RR, Popper AN (eds) The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 351–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch B (1998) Hearing in two worlds: theoretical and actual adaptive changes of the aquatic and terrestrial ear for sound reception. In: Fay RR, Popper AN (eds) Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians. New York: Springer, pp. 15–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch B (2001) Evolution and develoment of the vertebrate ear. Brain Res Bull 55: 711–721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch B, Neary T (1998) The octavolateralis system of mechanosensory and electrosensory organs. In: Heatwole H, Dawley EM (eds) Amphibian Biology, vol 3. Chipping Norton, England: Surrey Beatty & Sons, pp. 878–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch B, Wake MH (1988) The inner ear of gymnophione amphibians and its nerve supply: a comparative study of regressive events in a complex sensory system (Amphibia, Gymnophiona). Zoomorph 108:201–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch B, Barold K, Lomax M (1998) Early embryology of the vertebrate ear. In: Rubel E, Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) Development of the Auditory System. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 80–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch B, Beisel KW, Jones KR, Farinas I, Maklad A, Lee JE, Reichardt LF (2002) Development and evolution of inner ear sensory epithelia and their innervation. J Neurobiol 53:143–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs PA, Evans MG (1990) Potassium currents in hair cells isolated from the cochlea of the chick. J Physiol (Lond) 429:529–551.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Rutledge EJ, Narins PM (2001) Shared acoustic resources in an old world frog community. Herpetologica 57:104–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geisler CD, Bergeijk WAv, Frishkopf LS (1964) The inner ear of the bullfrog. J Morphol 114:43–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haddon C, Lewis J (1996) Early ear development in the embryo of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. J Comp Neurol 365:113–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertwig I (1987) Morphogenesis of the inner ear of Rana temporaria (Amphibia; Caudata). Zoomorphol 107:103–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertwig I, Schneider H (1986) Development of the supporting cells and structures derived from them in the inner ear of the grass frog, Rana temporaria (Amphibia; Caudata). Zoomorphol 106:137–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington TE (1985) The role of the opercularis muscle in seismic sensitivity in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. J Exp Zool 235:27–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington TE (1988) Biomechanics of vibration reception in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. J Comp Physiol 163:43–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington TE (1992) The effects of body size on the evolution of the amphibian middle ear. In: Webster DB, Fay RR, Popper AN (eds) The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 421–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington TE (2001) Laser vibrometric studies of sound-induced motion of the body walls and lungs of salamanders and lizards: implications for lung-based hearing. J Comp Physiol [A] 187:499–507.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington TE, Lindquist ED (1999) Lung-based hearing in an “earless” anuran amphibian. J Comp Physiol [A] 184:395–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt JR, Eatock RA (1995) Inwardly rectifying currents of saccular hair cells from the leopard frog. J Neurophysiol 73:1484–1502.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudspeth AI, Lewis RS (1988) Kinetic analysis of voltage-and ion-dependent conductances in saccular hair cells of the bull-frog, Rana catesbeiana. J Physiol (Lond) 400: 237–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvik E (1980) Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaslow AP, Hetherington TE, Lombard RE (1988) Structure and function of the amphibian middle ear. In: Fritzsch B, Ryan MI, Wilczynski W, Hetherington TE, Walkowiak W (eds) The Evolution of the Amphibian Auditory System. New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 69–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kil S-H, Collazo A (2001) Origins of inner ear sensory organs revealed by fate map and time-lapse analyses. Dev Biol 233:365–379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsbury BD, Reed HD (1909) The columella auris in amphibia. J. Morphol 20:549–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koyama H, Lewis ER, Leverenz EL, Baird RA (1982) Acute seismic sensitivity in the bullfrog ear. Brain Res 250:168–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER (1977a) Comparative scanning electron microscope study of the anuran basilar papilla. Ann Proc Electron Microsc Soc Am 35:632–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER (1977b) Structural correlates of function in the anuran amphibian papilla. Scan Electron Microsc 2:429–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER (1978) Comparative studies of the anuran auditory papillae. Scan Electron Microsc 2:633–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER (1984) On the frog amphibian papilla. Scan Electron Microsc 43:1899–1913.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER (1988) Tuning in the bullfrog ear. Biophys J 53:441–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER, Lombard RE (1988) The amphibian inner ear. In: Fritzsch B, Ryan MI, Wilczynski W, Hetherington TE, Walkowiak W (eds) The Evolution of the Amphibian Auditory System. New York: Wiley, pp. 93–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER, Narins PM (1998) The acoustic periphery of amphibians: anatomy and physiology. In: Fay RR, Popper AN (eds) Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 101–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER, Leverenz EL, Koyama H (1982) The tonotopic organization of the bullfrog amphibian papilla, an auditory organ lacking a basilar membrane. J Comp Physiol 145:437–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER, Hecht EI, Narins PM (1992) Diversity of form in the amphibian papilla of Puerto Rican frogs. J Comp Physiol 171:421–435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ER, Narins PM, Cortopassi KA, Yamada WM, Poinar EH, Moore SW, Yu X-L (2001) Do male white-lipped frogs use seismic signals for intraspecific communication? Am Zool 41:1185–1199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li CW, Lewis ER (1974) Morphogenesis of auditory receptor epithelia in the bullfrog. In: Johari O, Corvin I (eds) Scanning Electron Microscopy, vol 3. Chicago: IIT Research Institute, pp. 791–798.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liff H (1969) Responses from single auditory units in the eighth nerve of the Leopard frog. J Acoust Soc Am 45:512–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lombard RE (1977) Comparative morphology of the inner ear in salamanders (Caudata: Amphibia). Cont Vert Evol 2:1–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombard RE (1980) The structure of the amphibian auditory periphery: a unique experiment in terrestrial hearing. In: Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) Comparative Studies of Hearing in Vertebrates. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 121–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Z, Popper AN (2001) Neural response directionality correlates of hair cell orientation in a teleost fish. J Comp Physiol [A] 187:453–465.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manley GA (2000) Cochlear mechanisms from a phylogenetic viewpoint. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:11736–11743.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manley GA (2001) Evidence for an active process and a cochlear amplifier in nonmammals. J Neurophysiol 86:541–549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason M, Narins PM (2002a) Vibrometric studies of the middle ear of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) II: The operculum. J Exp Biol 205:3167–3176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason MJ, Narins PM (2002b) Vibrometric studies of the middle ear of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana I. The extrastapes. J Exp Biol 205:3153–3165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason MI, Lin CC, Narins PM (2003) Sex differences in the middle ear of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Brain Behav Evol 61:91–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moffat AIM, Capranica RR (1976) Auditory sensitivity of the saccule in the American toad (Bufo americanus). J Comp Physiol 105:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monath T (1965) The opercular apparatus of salamanders. J Morphol 116:149–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narins PM, Lewis ER (1984) The vertebrate ear as an exquisite seismic sensor. J Acoust Soc Am 76:1384–1387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narins PM, Ehret G, Tautz J (1988) Accessory pathway for sound transfer in a neotropical frog. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:1508–1512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narins PM, Lewis ER, McClelland BE (2000) Hyperextended call note repertoire of the endemic Madagascar treefrog Boophis madagascariensis (Rhacophoridae). J Zool (Lond) 250:283–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble GK (1931) The Biology of the Amphibian. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson NF (1948) The development of the inner ear of Xenopus laevis. Proc R Soc Lond 119:269–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitchford S, Ashmore IF (1987) An electrical resonance in hair cells of the amphibian papilla of the frog Rana temporaria. Hear Res 27:75–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt C (1977) Hair cell distribution and orientation in goldfish otolithic organs. J Comp Neurol 172:283–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popper AN, Fay RR (1998) The auditory periphery in fishes. In: Fay RR, Popper AN (eds) Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians. New York: Springer, pp. 43–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper AN, Platt C (1983) Sensory surface of the saccule and lagena in the ears of ostariophysan fishes. J Morphol 176:121–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purgue AP (1997) Tympanic sound radiation in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. J Comp Physiol [A] 181:438–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purgue AP, Narins PM (2000a) Mechanics of the inner ear of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana): the contact membranes and the periotic canal. J Comp Physiol [A] 186:481–488.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purgue AP, Narins PM (2000b) A model for energy flow in the inner ear of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). J Comp Physiol [A] 186:489–495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Retzius G (1881) Das Gehörorgan der Wirbelthiere. I. Gehörorgander Fische und Amphibien. Stockholm: Samson and Wallin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs MB (1964) Responses to acoustic stimuli from single units in the eighth nerve of the green frog. J Acoust Soc Am 36:1956–1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasin P, Sarasin F (1890) Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und Anatomie der ceylonesischen Blindwuhle Ichthyophis glutinosis. In: Das Gehörorgan, vol 2. Wiesbaden: Erg Naturwiss Forsch auf Ceylon, pp. 207–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasin P, Sarasin F (1892) Uber das Gehörorgan der Ceaciliiden. Anat Anz 7:812–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smotherman M, Narins P (1998) Effect of temperature on electrical resonance in leopard frog saccular hair cells. J Neurophysiol 79:312–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smotherman M, Narins P (1999a) The electrical properties of auditory hair cells in the frog amphibian papilla. J Neurosci 19:5275–5292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smotherman M, Narins P (1999b) Potassium currents in auditory hair cells of the frog basilar papilla. Hear Res 132:117–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smotherman M, Narins P (2000) Hair cell, hearing and hopping: a field guide to hair cell physiology in the frog. J Exp Biol 203:2237–2246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokolowski BHA, Popper AN (1987) Gross and ultrastructural development of the sac-cule of the toadfish Opsanus tau. J Morphol 194:323–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stejneger L (1899) Description of a new genus and species of Discoglossid toad from North America. Proc US Nat Mus 21:899–901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor EH (1969) Skulls of Gymnophiona and their significance in the taxonomy of the group. Univ Kansas Sci Bull 48:585–687.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villiers CGS de (1934) Studies of the cranial anatomy of Ascaphus truei Stejneger. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harvard Coli 77:1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wever EG (1975) The caecilian ear. J Exp Zool 191:63–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wever EG (1979) Middle ear muscles of the frog. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:3031–3033.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wever EG (1985) The Amphibian Ear. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wever EG, Gans C (1976) The caecilian ear: further observations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:3744–3746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White JS (1986a) Comparative features of the surface morphology of the basilar papila in five families of salamanders (Amphibia; Caudata). J Morphol 187:201–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White JS (1986b) Morphological and fine structural features of the basilar papilla in ambystomid salamanders (Amphibia; Caudata). J Morphol 187:181–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White JS, Baird IL (1982) Comparative morphological features of the caecilian inner ear with comments on the evolution of amphibian auditory structures. Scan Electron Microsc 3:1301–1312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilczynski W, Capranica RR (1984) The auditory system of anuran amphibians. Prog Neurobiol 22:1–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilczynski W, Resler C, Capranica RR (1987) Tympanic and extratympanic sound transmission in the leopard frog. J Comp Physiol 161:659–669.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witschi E (1949) The larval ear of the frog and its transformation during metamorphosis. Z Natur 4(b):230–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witschi E (1955) The bronchial columella of the ear of larval Ranidae. J Morphol 96: 497–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu YC, Art JJ, Goodman MB, Fettiplace R (1995) A kinetic description of the calcium-activated potassium channel and its application to electrical tuning of hair cells. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 63:131–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu XL, Lewis ER, Feld D (1991) Seismic and auditory tuning curves from bullfrog saccular and amphibian papillar axons. J Comp Physiol 169:241–248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zardoya R, Meyer A (2000) Mitochondrial evidence on the phylogentic position of caecilians (Amphibia; Gymnophiona). Genetics 155:765–775.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zardoya R, Meyer A (2001) On the origin of and phylogenetic relationships among living amphibians. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7380–7383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smotherman, M., Narins, P. (2004). Evolution of the Amphibian Ear. In: Manley, G.A., Fay, R.R., Popper, A.N. (eds) Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 22. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8957-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8957-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-21093-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8957-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics