Abstract
In cases of lobular and segmental pneumonia, large amounts of air are displaced from the lung as a result of extensive fibrinous exudation. Affected lobes or segments are depleted of air and sink in water. The phase of engorgement offers good conditions for pathological echo transmission. In this phase, pneumonia is imaged well on the sonogram. In the phase of lysis, the inflamed portion of the lung is ventilated to an increasing extent.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Inflammatory Consolidations in the Lung
Bertolini FA, Goerg C, Mathis G (2008) Echo contrast ultrasound in subpleural consolidations. Abstract ECR 2008. Eur Radiol Suppl 18:S395
Busti C, Agnelli G, Duranti M, Orlandi C, Marcucci M, Paciaroni M (2014) Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of stroke-associated pneumonia. Intern Emerg Med 9:173–178
Chavez MA, Shams N, Ellington LE et al (2014) Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res 15:50. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-15-50
Chavez MA, Naithani N, Gilmani RH (2015) Agreement between the World Health Organization Algorithm and lung consolidation identified using point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of childhood pneumonia by general practitioners. Lung 193:531–538
Chen CH, Kuo ML, Shih JF, Chang TP, Perng RP (1993) Etiologic diagnosis of pulmonary infection by ultrasonically guided percutaneous lung aspiration. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 51:5
Copetti R, Cattarossi L (2008) Ultrasound diagnosis of pneumonia in children. Radiol Med 113:190–198
Gehmacher O, Mathis G, Kopf A, Scheier M (1995) Ultrasound imaging of pneumonia. Ultrasound Med Biol 21:1119–1122
Goerg C (2007) Transcutaneous contrast-enhanced sonography of pleural-based pulmonary lesions. Eur J Radiol 64:213–221
Hu QJ, Shen YC, Jia LQ, Guo SJ, Long HY, Pang CS et al (2014) Diagnostic performance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia: a bivariate meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 7:115–121
Kopf A, Metzler J, Mathis G (1994) Sonographie bei Lungentuberkulose Bildgebung 61(S2):12
Liaw YS, Yang PC et al (1994a) The bacteriology of obstructive pneumonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:1648–1653
Lichtenstein D, Meziere G, Seitz J (2009) The dynamic airbronchogram. A lung ultrasound sign of alveolar consolidation ruling out atelectasis. Chest 135:1421–1425
Mathis G (1997) Thoraxsonography – part II: peripheral pulmonary consolidation. Ultrasound Med Biol 23:1141–1153
Mathis G, Metzler J, Fußenegger D, Feurstein M, Sutterluetti G (1992) Ultraschallbefunde bei Pneumonie. Ultraschall Klin Prax 7:45–49
Mathis G (2006) Ultrasound in pulmonary embolism: Killing three birds with one stone. Pneumologie 2006:600–606
Reissig A, Kroegel C (2003a) Transthoracic sonography of diffuse parenchymal lung disease: the role of comet tail artefacts. J Ultrasound Med 22:173–180
Reissig A, Kroegel C (2007) Sonographic diagnosis and follow-up of pneumonia: a prospective study. Respiration 74:537–547
Reissig A, Copetti R, Mathis G et al (2012) Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Chest 142:965–972
Riccabona M. (2008) Ultrasound of the chest in children (mediastinum excluded). Eur Radiol 18: 390–399
Talayanagi N, Kagiyama N, Ishiguro T, Tokunaga D, Sugita Y (2010) Etiology and outcome of community-acquired lung abscesses. Respiration 80:98–105
Ticinesi A, Lauretani F, Nouvenne A, Meschi (2016) A Lung ultrasound and chest x-ray for detecting pneumonia in an acute geriatric ward. Medicine 95(27):e4153
van Sonnenberg E, Agostino H, Casola G, Wittich GR, Varney RR, Harker C (1991) Lung abscess: CT-guided drainage. Radiology 178:347–351
Weinberg B, Diaboumakis EE, Kass EG, Seife B, Zvi ZB (1986) The air bronchogram: sonographic demonstration. AJR Am J Roentgenol 147:593–595
Wohlgenannt S, Gehmacher O, Mathis G (2001) Thoraxsonographische Veraenderungen bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen. Ultraschall Med 22:27–31
Yang PC, Luh KT, Lee YC (1991) Lung abscesses: ultrasonography and ultrasound-guided transthoracic aspiration. Radiology 180:171–175
Yang PC, Luh KT, Chang DB, Yu CJ, Kuo SH, Wu HD (1992) Ultrasonographic evaluation of pulmonary consolidation. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:757–762
Yuan A, Yang PC, Chang DB et al (1993a) Ultrasound guided aspiration biopsy for pulmonary tuberculosis with unusual radiographic appearances. Thorax 48:167–170
Neoplastic Consolidations in the Lung: Primary Lung Tumors and Metastases
Bandi V, Lunn W, Ernst A, Eberhardt R, Hoffmann H, Herth FJF (2008) Ultrasound vs CT in detecting chest wall invasion by tumor. A prospective study. Chest 133:881–886
Beckh S, Boelcskei PL (2003) Die Bedeutung der dynamischen Untersuchung in der Diagnostik thorakaler Herdbildungen. Praxis 92:1223–1226
Beckh S, Boelcskei PL, Lessnau KD (2002) Real-time chest ultrasonography. A comprehensive review for the pulmonologist. Chest 122:1759–1773
Corrin B (1999) Actinomycosis. In: Corrin B (ed) Pathology of the lungs. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 194–195
Detterbeck FC, Malcolm M, DeCamp J et al (2003) Invasive staging – the guidelines. Chest 123:167S–175S
Detterbeck FC, Postmus PE, Tanoue LT (2013a) The stage classification of lung cancer. Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 143:e191S–e210S
Detterbeck FC, Zelman Lewis S, Diekemper R et al (2013b) Executive summary. Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 143:7S–37S
Fultz PJ, Feins RH, Strang JG et al (2002) Detection and diagnosis of nonpalpable supraclavicular lymph nodes in lung cancer at CT and US. Radiology 222:245–251
Goeckenjan G, Sitter H, Thomas M et al (2011) Prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up of lung cancer: interdisciplinary guideline of the German Respiratory Society and the German Cancer Society. Pneumologie 65:39–59
Goerg C, Bert T (2004) Transcutaneous colour Doppler sonography of lung consolidations. Ultraschall Med 25(221–226):285–291
Goerg C, Seifart U, Holzinger I et al (2002) Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: sonographic pattern of “pneumonie”. Eur J Ultrasound 15:109–117
Gompelmann D, Eberhardt R, Kreuter M et al (2012) Transthorakale und endobronchiale Thoraxsonographie beim Bronchialkarzinom. Pneumologe 9:416–424
Hoosein M, Barnes D, Khan AN et al (2011) The importance of ultrasound in staging and gaining a pathological diagnosis in patients with lung cancer – a two year single centre experience. Thorax 66:414–417
Hsu WH, Ikezoe J, Chen CY et al (1996) Color Doppler ultrasound signals of thoracic lesions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:1938–1951
Hsu WH, Chiang CD, Chen CY et al (1998) Color Doppler ultrasound pulsatile flow signals of thoracic lesions: comparison of lung cancers and benign lesions. Ultrasound Med Biol 24:1087–1095
Knopp MV, Hawighorst H, Flömer F (1998) Magnetresonanztomographie. In: Drings P, Vogt-Moykopf I (eds) Thoraxtumoren. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo, pp 180–190
Ko JC, Yang PC, Yuan A et al (1994) Superior vena cava syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:783–787
Landreneau RJ, Mack MJ, Dowling RD et al (1998) The role of thoracoscopy in lung cancer management. Chest 113:6S–12S
Mathis G, Bitschnau R, Gehmacher O et al (1999b) Ultraschallgeführte transthorakale Punktion. Ultraschall Med 20:226–235
Pan JF, Yang PC, Chang DB et al (1993) Needle aspiration biopsy of malignant lung masses with necrotic centers. Chest 103:1452–1456
Piscaglia F, NolsØe C, Dietrich CF et al (2012) The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical practice of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall Med 32:33–59
Prosch H, Strasser G, Sonka C, Oschatz E, Mahaal S, Mohn-Staudner A, Mostbeck GH (2007) Cervical ultrasound (US) and US-guided lymph node biopsy as a routine procedure for staging of lung cancer. Ultraschall Med 28:598–603
Rettenbacher T (2014) Sonografie der peripheren Lymphknoten Teil 2: Doppler-Kriterien und typische Befunde bestimmter Entitäten. Ultraschall Med 35:10–32
Rivera MP, Mehta AC, Wahidi MM (2013) Establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest physicians evidence-based clinical practical guidelines. Chest 143:e142S–e165S
Schoenberg SO (2003) Magnetresonanztomographie. In: Drings P, Dienemann H, Wannenmacher M (eds) Management des Lungenkarzinoms. Springer, Berlin, pp 117–124
Silvestri GA, Gonzalez AV, Jantz MA et al (2013) Methods for staging non-small cell lung cancer. Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 143:e211S–e250S
Suzuki N, Saitoh T, Kitamura S et al (1993) Tumor invasion of the chest wall in lung cancer: diagnosis with US. Radiology 187:394
van Kaick G, Bahner ML (1998) Computertomographie. In: Drings P, Vogt-Moykopf I (eds) Thoraxtumoren. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo, pp 165–179
Volpicelli G, Elbarbary M, Blaivas M et al (2012a) International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound. Intensive Care Med 38:577–591
Yang PC (1996) Review paper: color Doppler ultrasound of pulmonary consolidation. Eur J Ultrasound 3:169–178
Yuan A, Chang DB, Yu CJ et al (1994a) Color Doppler sonography of benign and malignant pulmonary masses. Am J Roentgenol 163:545–549
Vascular Lung Consolidations: Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Infarction
AMWF-guidelines (2016) Thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Vasa 45(Suppl 90):1–48
Burge AJ, Freeman KD, Klapper PJ, Haramati LB (2008) Increased diagnosis of pulmonary embolism without a corresponding decline in mortality during CT era. Clin Radiol 63:381–386
Gehmacher O, Mathis G (1994) Farkodierte Duplexsonographie peripherer Lungenherde – ein diagnostischer Fortschritt? Bildgebung 61(S2):11
Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M (1999) Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry. Lancet 353(9162):1386–1389
Horner D, Hogg K, Body R, Jones S, Nash MJ, Mackway-Jones K (2014) Single whole-leg compression ultrasound for exclusion of deep vein thrombosis inn symptomatic patients: a prospective observational study. Br J Haematol 164:422–430
Jackson RE, Rudoni RR, Hauser AM, Pascual RE, Hussey M (2000) Prospective evaluation of two-dimensional transhoracic echocardiography in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Acad Emerg Med 7:994–998
Jaeger K, Eichlisberger R, Frauchinger B (1993) Stellenwert der bildgebenden Sonographie für die Diagnostik der Venenthrombose. Haemostaseologie 13:116–123
Janata K, Holzer M, Domanovits H, Müllner M, Bankier A, Kurtaran A, Bankl HC, Laggner AN (2002) Mortality of patients with pulmonary embolism. Wien Klin Wochenschr 113:766–772
Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, Danchin N, Fitzmaurice D, Gale N et al (2014) 2014 ESC guidelines in the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 35:3033–3073
Mathis G (2014) Thromboembolism in ultrasound: killing three birds with one stone. Chest 145:931–932
Mathis G, Dirschmid K (1993) Pulmonary infarction: sonographic appearance with pathologic correlation. Eur J Radiol 17:170–174
Mathis G, Bitschnau R, Gehmacher O et al (1999c) Chest ultrasound in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in comparison to helical CT. Ultraschall Med 20:54–59
Mathis G, Blank W, Reissig A, Lechleitner P, Reuss J, Schuler A, Beckh S (2005) Thoracic ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary embolism. A prospective multicenter study of 352 patients. Chest 128:1531–1538
McConell MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME, Come PC, Goldhaber SZ, Lee RT (1996) Regional right ventricular dysfunction detected by echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 78:469–473
Miniati M, Monti S, Pratali L et al (2001) Value of transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Results of a prospective study of unselected patients. Am J Med 110:528–535
Nazerian P, Vanni S, Volpicell G, Gigli C, Zanobetti M, Bartolucci M et al (2014) Accuracy of point-of-care multiorgan ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Chest 145:950–957
Newman DH, Schriger DL (2011) Rethinking testing for pulmonary embolism: less is more. Ann Emerg Med 57:622–627
Niemann T, Egelhof T, Bongratz G (2009) Transthoracic sonography for the detection of pulmonary embolism – a meta analysis. Ultraschall Med 30:150–156
Reissig A, Kroegel C (2003b) Transthoracic ultrasound of lung and pleura in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a novel non-invasive bedside approach. Respiration 70:441–452
Reissig A, Heyne JP, Kroegel C (2001) Sonography of lung and pleura in pulmonary embolism: sonomorphologic characterization and comparison with spiral CT scanning. Chest 120:1977–1983
Reissig A, Haase U, Schulze E, Lehmann T, Kroegel C (2010) Diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary embolism prior to death. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 135(30):1477–1483, Epub 20 Jul 2010
Squizzato A, Rancan E, Dentali F, Bonzini M, Guasti L, Steidl L et al (2013) Diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thrombo Haemost 11:1269–1278
Volpicelli G, Blaivas M, Elbaray M, Lichtenstein D, Mathis G, Kirkpatrick A et al (2012b) International evidence-based recommendations for point of-care lung ultrasound. Intensive Care Med 38:577–591
Wacker P, Wacker R, Golnik R, Kreft HU (2003) Akute Lungenembolie: Ein neuer Score zur Quantifizierung der akuten Rechtsherzinsuffizienz. Intensivmed 40:130–137
Yuan A, Yang PC, Chang CB (1993b) Pulmonary infarction: use of color doppler sonography for diagnosis and assessment of reperfusion of the lung. AJR Am J Roentgenol 160:419–420
Mechanical Lung Consolidations: Atelectasis
Burke M, Fraser R (1988) Obstructive pneumonitis: a pathologic and pathogenetic reappraisal. Radiology 166:699–704
Goerg C (2003) Focal lesions in the opacified lung: a sonographic pictorial essay. Ultraschall Med 24:123–128
Goerg C, Weide R, Walters E, Schwerk WB (1996) Sonographische Befunde bei ausgedehnten Lungenatelektasen. Ultraschall Klin Prax 11:14–19
Grundmann E (1986) Spezielle Pathologie, 7th edn. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich
Lan RS, Lo KS, Chuang ML, Yang CT, Tsao TC, Lee CM (1997) Elastance of the pleural space: a predictor for the outcome of pleurodesis in patients with malignant pleural effusion. Ann Intern Med 126:768–774
Liaw YS, Yang PC, Wu ZG et al (1994b) The bacteriology of obstructive pneumonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:1648–1653
Soldati G, Testa A, Silva FR, Carbone L, Portale G, Silveri NG (2006) Chest ultrasonography in lung contusion. Chest 130:533–538
Wuestner A, Gehmacher O, Haemmerle S, Schenkenbach C, Haefele H, Mathis G (2005) Ultraschalldiagnostik beim stumpfen Thoraxtrauma. Ultraschall Med 26:285–290
Yang PC, Luh KT, Wu DH, Chang DB, Lee NL, Kuo SM, Yang SP (1990b) Lung tumors associated with obstructive pneumonitis: US studies. Radiology 174:717–720
Yuan A, Chang DB, Yu CJ, Kuo SH, Luh KT, Yang PC (1994b) Color Doppler sonography of benign and malignant pulmonary masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 163:545–549
Congenital Pulmonary Sequestration
Cortellaro F, Colombo S, Coen D, Pier Giorgio P, Duca PG (2012) Lung ultrasound is an accurate diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the emergency department Emerg Med J 29:19e23
Gudinchet F, Anderegg A (1989) Echography of pulmonary sequestration. Eur J Radiol 9:93–95
Yuan A, Yang PC, Chang DB et al (1992) Lung sequestration diagnosis with ultrasound and triplex doppler technique in an adult. Chest 102:1880–1882
Acknowledgement: Neoplastic Consolidations in the Lung: Primary Lung Tumors and Metastases
We thank R. Loose, Head of the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology at the Klinikum Nürnberg Nord, for providing radiology reports.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mathis, G., Beckh, S., Görg, C. (2017). Lung Consolidation. In: Mathis, G. (eds) Chest Sonography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44072-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44072-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44071-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44072-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)