Abstract
Here vertigo and dizziness in childhood are described first. The most frequent syndrome is benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood, a form of vestibular migraine. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Menière’s disease, vestibular neuritis, perilymph fistula, bilateral vestibulopathy, and central vestibular syndromes also occur in childhood.
This part also includes
-
Drug-induced vertigo
-
Cervicogenic vertigo
-
Episodic ataxias
-
Motion sickness (clinical aspects and pathogenesis, course, prophylaxis, and therapy)
-
Visual height intolerance and fear of heights (acrophobia)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu-Arafeh I, Russel G. Paroxysmal vertigo as a migraine equivalent in children: a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 1995;15:22–5.
Agras WS, Chapin HN, Oliveau DC. The natural history of phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972;26:315–7.
Alvina K, Khodakhah K. The therapeutic mode of action of 4-aminopyridine in cerebellar ataxia. J Neurosci. 2010;30:7258–68.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV). 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
Baier B, Winkenwerder E, Dieterich M. Vestibular migraine: effects of prophylactic therapy with various drugs. A retrospective study. J Neurol. 2009;256:426–42.
Balatsouras DG, Kaberos A, Assimakopoulos D, Katotomichelakis M, Economou NC, Korres SG. Etiology of vertigo in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:487–94.
Basser LS. Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood. A variety of vestibular neuronitis. Brain. 1964;87:141–52.
Bauer M, Huppert D, Brandt T. Fear of heights in ancient China. J Neurol. 2012;259:2223–5.
Bertholon P, Chabrier S, Riant F, Tournier-Lasserve E, Peyron R. Episodic ataxia type 2: unusual aspects in clinical and genetic presentation. Special emphasis in childhood. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;80:1289–92.
Bickerstaff ER. Basilar artery migraine. Lancet. 1961;1:15–8.
Blakley BW, Gulati H. Identifying drugs that cause dizziness. Otolaryngology. 2008;37:11–5.
Bles W, Kapteyn TS, Brandt T, Arnold F. The mechanism of physiological height vertigo: II. Posturography. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh). 1980;89:534–40.
Bles W, Bos JE, Kruit H. Motion sickness. Curr Opin Neurol. 2000;13:19–25.
Boldingh MI, Ljostad U, Mygland A, Monstad P. Vestibular sensitivity in vestibular migraine: VEMP’s and motion sickness susceptibility. Cephalalgia. 2011;31:1211–9.
Brandt T. Optisch-vestibuläre Bewegungskrankheit, Höhenschwindel und klinische Schwindelformen. Fortschr Med. 1976;94:177–1188.
Brandt T. Cervical vertigo – reality or fiction? Audiol Neurotol. 1996;1:187–96.
Brandt T, Bronstein AM. Cervical vertigo. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:8–12.
Brandt T, Strupp M. Episodic ataxia type 1 and 2 (familial periodic ataxia/vertigo). Audiol Neurotol. 1997;2:373–83.
Brandt T, Wenzel D, Dichgans J. Die Entwicklung der visuellen Stabilisation des aufrechten Standes beim Kind: Ein Reifezeichen in der Kinderneurologie. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr. 1976;223:1–13.
Brandt T, Arnold F, Bles W, Kapteyn TS. The mechanism of physiological height vertigo: I.Theoretical approach and psychophysics. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh). 1980;89:513–23.
Brandt T, Benson J, Huppert D. What to call “non-phobic” fear of heights? Br J Psychiatry. 2012a;190:81. doi:10.1192/bjp190.1.81a.
Brandt T, Strupp M, Huppert D. Height intolerance – an underrated threat. J Neurol. 2012b;259:759–60.
Brown JJ, Baloh RW. Persistent mal de debarquement-syndrome: a motion-induced subjective disorder of balance. Am J Otolaryngol. 1987;8:219–22.
Brunt ER, van Weerden TW. Familial paroxysmal kinesiogenic ataxia and continuous myokymia. Brain. 1990;113:1361–82.
Cha YH. Mal de debarquement. Semin Neurol. 2009;29:520–7.
Cha YH, Chakrapani S, Craig A, Baloh RW. Metabolic and functional connectivity changes in mal de debarquement syndrome. PLoS One. 2012;7:e49560.
Cha YH, Cui Y, Baloh RW. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for mal de debarquement syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34:175–9.
Cianfrone G, Pentangelo D, Cianfrone E, Mazzei F, Turchetta R, Orlando MP, et al. Pharmacological drugs inducing ototoxicity, vestibular symptoms and tinnitus: a reasoned and update guide. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15:601–36.
Clark BC, Leporte A, Clark S, Hoffman RL, Quick A, Wilson TE, et al. Effects of persistent mal de debarquement syndrome on balance, psychological traits, and motor cortex excitability. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:446–50.
Coelho CM, Wallis G. Deconstructing acrophobia: physiological and psychological precursors to developing a fear of heights. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:864–70.
Cuomo-Granston A, Drummond PD. Migraine and motion sickness: what is the link? Prog Neurobiol. 2010;91:300–12.
Curtis GC, Magee WJ, Eaton WW, Wittchen HU. Specific fears and phobias. Epidemiology and classification. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:212–7.
Dai M, Raphan T, Cohen B. Labyrinthine lesions and motion sickness susceptibility. Exp Brain Res. 2007;178:477–87.
De Jong IMBV, Bles W. Cervical dizziness and ataxia. In: Bles W, Brandt T, editors. Disorders of posture and gait. Amsterdam/New York/Oxford: Elsevier; 1986. p. 185–206.
De Quervain DJ, Bentz D, Michael T, Bolt OC, Wiederhold BK, Margraf J, et al. Glucocorticoids enhance extinction-based psychotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011;108:6621–5.
Depla MFIA, ten Have ML, van Balkom AJLM, de Graf R. Specific fears and phobias in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43:200–8.
Dichgans J, Brandt T. Optokinetic motion-sickness and pseudo-coriolis effects induced by moving visual stimuli. Acta Otolaryngol. 1973;76:339–48.
Dichgans J, Brandt T. Visual-vestibular interaction: effects of self-motion perception and postural control. In: Held R, Leibowitz HW, Teuber HL, editors. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Perception, vol. III. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer; 1978. p. 755–804.
Dieterich M, Pöllmann W, Pfaffenrath V. Cervicogenic headache: electronystagmography, perception of verticality and posturography in patients before and after C2-blockade. Cephalalgia. 1993;13:285–8.
Erbek SH, Erbek SS, Yilmaz I, Topal O, Ozgirgin N, Ozluoglu LN, et al. Vertigo in childhood: a clinical experience. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:1547–54.
Evans RW, Marcus D, Furman JM. Motion sickness and migraine. Headache. 2007;47:607–10.
Gil A, Nachum Z, Tal D, Shupak A. A comparison of cinnarizine and transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of seasickness in a naval crew: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35:37–9.
Golding IF, Markey HM, Stott IR. The effects of motion direction, body axis, and posture on motion sickness induced by low frequency linear oscillation. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995;66:1046–51.
Griggs RC, Nutt JG. Episodic ataxias as channelopathies. Ann Neurol. 1995;37:285–7.
Griggs RC, Moxley RT, Lafrance RA, McQuillen J. Hereditary paroxysmal ataxia: response to acetazolamide. Neurology. 1978;28:1259–64.
Holtmann S, Reiman V, Schöps P. Clinical significance of cervico-ocular reactions. Laryngorhinootologie. 1993;72:306–10.
Huppert D, Strupp M, Mückter H, Brandt T. Which medication do I need to manage dizzy patients? Acta Otolaryngol. 2011;131:228–41.
Huppert D, Grill E, Brandt T. Down on heights? One in three has visual height intolerance. J Neurol. 2013;260:597–604.
Jahn K, Zwergal A, Strupp M, Brandt T. Schwindel im Kindesalter. Nervenheilkunde. 2009;28:47–52.
Jahn K, Langhagen T, Schroeder AS, Heinen F. Vertigo and dizziness in childhood – update on diagnosis and treatment. Neuropediatrics. 2011;42:129–34.
Jen JC. Hereditary episodic ataxias. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1142:250–3.
Jen J, Kim GW, Baloh RW. Clinical spectrum of episodic ataxia type 2. Neurology. 2004;62:17–22.
Jen JC, Graves TD, Hess EJ, Hanna MG, Griggs RC, Baloh RW. Primary episodic ataxias: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Brain. 2007;130:2484–93.
Kanaan AA, Raad RA, Hourani RG, Zaytoun GM. Bilateral superior semicircular canal dehiscence in a child with sensorineural hearing loss and without vestibular symptoms. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:877–9.
Knox GW, Woodard D, Chelen W, Ferguson R, Johnson L. Phenytoin for motion sickness: clinical evaluation. Laryngoscope. 1994;1994:935–9.
Krams B, Echenne B, Leydet J, Rivier F, Roubertie A. Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood: long-term outcome. Cephalalgia. 2011;31:439–43.
Lanzi G, Balottin U, Fazzi E, Tagliasacchi M, Manfrin M, Mira E. Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood: a long-term follow-up. Cephalalgia. 1994;14:458–60.
Lee GS, Zhou G, Poe D, Kenna M, Amin M, Ohlms L, et al. Clinical experience in diagnosis and management of superior semicircular canal dehiscence in children. Laryngoscope. 2011;121:2256–61.
Macke A, LePorte A, Clark BC. Social, societal, and economic burden of mal de debarquement syndrome. J Neurol. 2012;259:1326–30.
Moeller L, Lempert T. Mal de debarquement: pseudo-hallucinations from vestibular memory? J Neurol. 2007;254:813–5.
Money KE. Motion sickness. Physiol Rev. 1970;50:1–39.
Murdin L, Golding J, Bronstein A. Managing motion sickness. BMJ. 2011;343:d7430.
Murphy TP. Mal de debarquement syndrome: a forgotten entity? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;109:10–3.
Neuhauser H, Lempert T. Vertigo and dizziness related to migraine: a diagnostic challenge. Cephalalgia. 2004;24:83–91.
Niemensivu R, Kentala E, Wiener-Vacher S, Pyykko I. Evaluation of vertiginous children. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;264:1129–35.
Noyes R, Clancy J, Hoenk PR, Slymen DJ. The prognosis of anxiety neurosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:173–8.
Probst T, Krafczyk S, Büchele W, Brandt T. Visuelle Prävention der Bewegungskrankheit im Auto. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr. 1982;231:409–21.
Pull CB. Current status of virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: editorial review. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005;18:7–14.
Rascol O, Hain TC, Brefel C, Benazet M, Clanet M, Montastruc JL. Antivertigo medications and drug-induced vertigo. A pharmacological review. Drugs. 1995;50:777–91.
Reason JT. Motion sickness adaptation: a neural mismatch model. J R Soc Med. 1978;71:819–29.
Riina N, Ilmari P, Kentala E. Vertigo and imbalance in children: a retrospective study in a Helsinki University otorhinolaryngology clinic. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131:996–1000.
Ritter B. Treatment of acrophobia with contact desensibilisation. Behav Res Ther. 1969;7:41–5.
Russel G, Abu-Arafeh I. Paroxysmal vertigo in children- an epidemiological study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999;49(1):105–7.
Salassa JR, Zapala DA. Love and fear of heights: the pathophysiology and psychology of height imbalance. Wilderness Environ Med. 2009;20:378–82.
Shoair OA, Nyandege AN, Slattum PW. Medication-related dizziness in the oder adult. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2011;44:455–71.
Shupak A, Gordon CR. Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006;77:1213–23.
Spinks AB, Wasiak J. Scopolamine (hyoscine) for preventing and treating motion sickness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;6:CD002851.
Strupp M, Kalla R, Dichgans M, Freilinger T, Glasauer S, Brandt T. Treatment of episodic ataxia type 2 with the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine. Neurology. 2004;62:1623–5.
Strupp M, Zwergal A, Brandt T. Episodic ataxia type 2. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4:267–73.
Strupp M, Kalla R, Claassen J, Adrion C, Mansmann U, Klopstock T, et al. A randomized trial of 4-aminopyridine in EA2 and related familial episodic ataxias. Neurology. 2011;77:269–75.
Tinetti ME. Preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med. 2002;348:42–9.
Walk RD, Gibson EJ, Tighe TJ. Behaviour of light- and dark-raised rats on a visual cliff. Science. 1957;126:80–1.
Wolpe J. Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1958.
Wood CD, Graybiel A. Evaluation of antimotion sickness drugs: a new effective remedy revealed. Aerosp Med. 1970;41:932–3.
Wood CD, Graybiel A, Kennedy RS. Comparison of effectiveness of some antimotion sickness drugs using recommended and larger than recommended doses as tested in the slow rotation room. Aerospace Med. 1966;37:259–62.
Zhang D, Fan Z, Han Y, Wang M, Xu L, Luo J, et al. Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood: diagnostic value of vestibular test and high stimulus rate auditory brainstem response test. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76:107–10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brandt, T., Dieterich, M., Strupp, M. (2013). Various Vertigo Syndromes. In: Vertigo and Dizziness. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-591-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-591-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-590-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-591-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)