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12-05-2024 | Original Article

What Are You Ruminating About? The Development and Validation of a Content-Dependent Measure of Rumination

Authors: Christopher Marcin Kowalski, Donald H. Saklofske, Julie Aitken Schermer

Published in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Issue 5/2024

Abstract

Purpose

Existing measures of rumination assess ruminative thought without reference to the content of ruminations. The present studies describe the construction and validation of the Rumination Domains Questionnaire, a new measure of rumination which considers the domain specificity of ruminative thought.

Methods

A theoretical definition of rumination and domains of life were formulated through a literature review. Items were based on these domains, clinical/counselling case studies, and expert feedback. In Study 1, 106 preliminary items were reduced to 60 items through empirical analyses. In Study 2, the content and structural validity were assessed.

Results

Items were retained based on empirical criteria and the final scale demonstrated acceptable fit for both a 10-factor model and a hierarchical model. Content validity and criterion validity were supported, and both 10-factor and hierarchical models demonstrated acceptable fit.

Conclusions

Overall, we present strong evidence supporting the validity of the RDQ.

Available only for authorised users

Kendall’s Tau B was used as the rumination items have four response categories and should be considered ordinal in level of measurement. Tau B is a non-parametric coefficient that assesses the relationship between an ordinal and a continuous variable. Evidence has suggested that Tau B may be a more accurate estimate of the correlation in population than Spearnan’s Rho (Howell, 1997). Jamovi (The Jamovi Project, 2021) was used to calculate Kendall’s Tau B.

These values were chosen based on their conversion to Pearson’s r. That is Tau B = .41 is approximately equal to r = .60 and Tau B = .19 is approximately equal to r = .29, according to Gilpin (1993).

van der Eijk and Rose (2015) found that Kaiser’s (1960) “eigenvalues greater than 1” rule, although criticized for over-dimensionalization, tends to work more precisely when using polychoric correlations, such as when the WLSMV estimator is used.

Kline (1994) suggested that loadings of .30 or higher can be regarded as salient loadings.

Advantages of using coefficient omega relative to using coefficient alpha are discussed thoroughly by Dunn et al. (2014), Goodboy and Martin (2020), Hayes and Coutts (2020), and Kalkbrenner (2021).

Omega can be calculated using ESEM, however research has found that regardless of the superior fit of ESEM models relative to CFA models, Omega should not differ substantially regardless of which type of model is used (Fu et al., 2022).

At the request of the editor, we have also examined with participants who only passed two attention checks removed from the sample. The sample size with these participants removed was reduced by only 9 participants and the removal of these participants did not meaningfully affect the results of the study.

A bifactor model with a general factor and 10 specific factors was also tested and provided strong fit indices but was not included here due to issues with interpretability of bifactor model fit (e.g., Murray & Johnson, 2013). Mplus output for these analyses is available on our OSF.

It should be noted that hypotheses for both study 1 and study 2 were posited prior to the collection of study 1 data.

The categorization of strength of correlation is based on Hemphill’s (2003) empirical guidelines, where a correlation of less than .20 is classified as weak, a correlation between .20 and .30 is classified as medium, and a correlation of stronger than .30 is categorized as strong.

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Title: What Are You Ruminating About? The Development and Validation of a Content-Dependent Measure of Rumination
Authors: Christopher Marcin Kowalski
Donald H. Saklofske
Julie Aitken Schermer
Publication date: 12-05-2024
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Issue 5/2024
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10482-0

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Intrusive Mental Imagery in Chronic Pain: Prevalence and Associations with Common Comorbidities

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What Are You Ruminating About? The Development and Validation of a Content-Dependent Measure of Rumination

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Other articles of this Issue 5/2024

Interpretation Bias and Adolescent Social Anxiety: The Mediating Effect of Pre- and Post-Event Rumination

A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Stepped Care Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for Internalizing Distress in Adults

A Novel Experimental Approach to Identifying the Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Loneliness

The Regretted Actions and Inactions of Military Veterans and Psychological Problems

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Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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Interpretation Bias and Adolescent Social Anxiety: The Mediating Effect of Pre- and Post-Event Rumination

A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Stepped Care Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for Internalizing Distress in Adults

A Novel Experimental Approach to Identifying the Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Loneliness

The Regretted Actions and Inactions of Military Veterans and Psychological Problems

The Interactive Effects of Rejection and Rumination on Diurnal Cortisol among Adolescent Girls: A Preliminary Daily Diary Study

Intrusive Mental Imagery in Chronic Pain: Prevalence and Associations with Common Comorbidities