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Current Rheumatology Reports
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Open Access 04-03-2025 | Ultrasound | Review

Ultrasound Beyond Joints: A Review of Extra-Articular Applications in Rheumatology

Authors: Emilio D’Ignazio, Davide Corradini, Tomas Cazenave, Riccardo Bixio, Caterina Baldi, Harjit Kaur Ubhi, Kate Smith, Richard J. Wakefield, Paul Emery, Andrea Di Matteo

Published in: Current Rheumatology Reports | Issue 1/2025

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review highlights key ultrasound applications for evaluating extra-articular involvement in rheumatic diseases, including the lungs, vessels, salivary glands, muscles, nerves, skin, and nails. It explores recent advances, emerging areas of assessment, and future research directions. Additionally, the review examines current limitations in the routine use of ultrasound for these purposes and considers the potential of new technologies, such as shear-wave elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and artificial intelligence, to enhance the early detection and monitoring of extra-articular manifestations in rheumatic diseases.

Recent Findings

Extra-articular manifestations in patients with rheumatic diseases are crucial for diagnosis, management (including treatment strategies), and prognosis, making accurate assessment essential. Growing evidence supports the role of ultrasound in assessing these manifestations for diagnosis, monitoring, and gaining insights into disease pathogenesis. Recent studies emphasize the significant utility of ultrasound in evaluating extra-articular involvement across various organ systems, including the lungs, vessels, salivary glands, muscles, nerves, skin, and nails. Technological advances, such as shear-wave elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and artificial intelligence, are expanding the scope and precision of ultrasound applications. Despite its potential, challenges such as operator dependency, lack of standardized protocols, and the need for specialized training hinder its widespread adoption.

Summary

Ultrasound is a non-invasive, cost-effective, and radiation-free imaging modality with high diagnostic accuracy, making it a valuable tool for assessing extra-articular manifestations in rheumatic diseases. Emerging technologies may further enhance its clinical utility. However, efforts to standardize techniques and improve accessibility are necessary to optimize its integration into routine practice.
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Metadata
Title
Ultrasound Beyond Joints: A Review of Extra-Articular Applications in Rheumatology
Authors
Emilio D’Ignazio
Davide Corradini
Tomas Cazenave
Riccardo Bixio
Caterina Baldi
Harjit Kaur Ubhi
Kate Smith
Richard J. Wakefield
Paul Emery
Andrea Di Matteo
Publication date
04-03-2025

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