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Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Open Access 25-02-2025 | Type 2 Diabetes

Are strategies to increase muscle mass and strength as effective in people with type 2 diabetes?

Authors: Amina A. Al-Awadi, Stuart R. Gray, Ebaa Al-Ozairi

Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Abstract

People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a 2–3-time higher risk of developing sarcopenia, a musculoskeletal disease marked by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, compared to people without T2D. This narrative review examines the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in enhancing muscle mass and strength in people with T2D, emphasizing their growing importance with advancements in obesity treatments. PubMed and Google Scholar were utilized to identify the most relevant published studies based on the authors’ knowledge. The maintenance of skeletal muscle strength and mass in people with T2D is becoming more prominent due to the advent of weight loss therapies such as low-energy diets, bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapies. Although the weight loss is to be commended, a large proportion (20–50%) of the weight loss comes from lean mass, indicative of a loss in muscle mass. There are currently no pharmacotherapies to increase, or mitigate the loss of, lean mass, with lifestyle strategies prominent in this arena. Resistance exercise is the most effective method to increase muscle mass and strength in people with T2D, but there is some evidence of an anabolic resistance. Aerobic exercise and increased dietary protein intake may result in small increases in muscle mass and strength, with no evidence of an anabolic resistance to these stimuli. Exercise and protein supplementation can increase, or aid in the retention of, muscle strength and mass in individuals with T2D, but further research is needed to explore their benefits in patients undergoing concomitant pharmaceutical and surgical treatments.

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Title: Are strategies to increase muscle mass and strength as effective in people with type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Amina A. Al-Awadi
Stuart R. Gray
Ebaa Al-Ozairi
Publication date: 25-02-2025
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes
Sarcopenia
Obesity
Lifestyle Modifications
Nutrition
Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-025-09947-8

At a glance: The STEP trials

Obesity
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A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

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At a glance: The STEP trials