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Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports

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Open Access 29-10-2024 | Traumatic Brain Injuries | Review

Immune Response in Traumatic Brain Injury

Authors: Eder Cáceres, Juan Camilo Olivella, Mario Di Napoli, Ahmed S. Raihane, Afshin A. Divani

Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Issue 12/2024

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review aims to comprehensively examine the immune response following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and how its disruption can impact healing and recovery.

Recent Findings

The immune response is now considered a key element in the pathophysiology of TBI, with consequences far beyond the acute phase after injury. A delicate equilibrium is crucial for a healthy recovery. When this equilibrium is disrupted, chronic inflammation and immune imbalance can lead to detrimental effects on survival and disability.

Summary

Globally, traumatic brain injury (TBI) imposes a substantial burden in terms of both years of life lost and years lived with disability. Although its epidemiology exhibits dynamic trends over time and across regions, TBI disproportionally affects the younger populations, posing psychosocial and financial challenge for communities and families. Following the initial trauma, the primary injury is succeeded by an inflammatory response, primarily orchestrated by the innate immune system. The inflammasome plays a pivotal role during this stage, catalyzing both programmed cell death pathways and the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors. These events trigger the activation and differentiation of microglia, thereby intensifying the inflammatory response to a systemic level and facilitating the migration of immune cells and edema. This inflammatory response, initially originated in the brain, is monitored by our autonomic nervous system. Through the vagus nerve and adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in various peripheral lymphoid organs and immune cells, bidirectional communication and regulation between the immune and nervous systems is established.

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Title: Immune Response in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Eder Cáceres
Juan Camilo Olivella
Mario Di Napoli
Ahmed S. Raihane
Afshin A. Divani
Publication date: 29-10-2024
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Traumatic Brain Injuries
Inflammatory Brain Disease
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Central Nervous System Trauma
Cytokines
Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Issue 12/2024
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-024-01382-7

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