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03-02-2025

The effects of orthography, phonology, semantics, and working memory on the reading comprehension of children with and without reading dyslexia

Authors: Jana Chi-san Ho, Deborah K. Reed, Catherine McBride

Published in: Annals of Dyslexia

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Abstract

In this study, we examined to what extent orthographic skills, phonological processing, oral vocabulary, and word memory accounted for variance in reading comprehension among upper-elementary school children with and without dyslexia. The tasks came from the Tests of Dyslexia (TOD). Data from 753 participants (typically developing n = 575; children with dyslexia n = 143) ages 8 to 11 were analyzed with t-tests and multiple regression models. Performance of typically developing children was significantly higher than children with dyslexia on all tasks (p < .001). Typically developing children exhibited age-related improvements, though this association was absent in children with dyslexia. Among typically developing children, orthographic mapping, phonological awareness, oral vocabulary, and working memory scores uniquely explained reading comprehension. Among children with dyslexia, only orthographic mapping and oral vocabulary scores uniquely predicted reading comprehension. Our findings highlight the strong effects of orthographic mapping on reading comprehension observed across both groups. Limitations and educational implications are discussed.
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Metadata
Title
The effects of orthography, phonology, semantics, and working memory on the reading comprehension of children with and without reading dyslexia
Authors
Jana Chi-san Ho
Deborah K. Reed
Catherine McBride
Publication date
03-02-2025
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Annals of Dyslexia
Print ISSN: 0736-9387
Electronic ISSN: 1934-7243
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-025-00322-5

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