Top

Published in:

01-12-2024 | Spinal Tumor | Research

Incidence, epidemiology, radiology, and classification of metastatic spine tumors: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations

Authors: Francesco Costa, Francesco Restelli, Niccolò Innocenti, Mehmet Zileli, Sandeep Vaishya, Corinna Zygourakis, Mirza Pojskic, Onur Yaman, Salman Sharif

Published in: Neurosurgical Review | Issue 1/2024

Abstract

Spinal metastasis (SMs) are the most encountered tumors of the spine. Their occurrence is expected roughly around one to two years after primary tumor diagnosis. Since the advent of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), this technology has been considered the gold standard for SMs diagnosis and characterization due to its precise ability to comprehend the rate of soft tissue compression/invasion (dural sac/nervous tissue), which is one of the main drivers of management strategies. Computed Tomography (CT) remains unbeatable when a detailed bony anatomy and instability assessment is searched. Nuclear medicine technologies may have a role in diagnosis when standard MR or CT study findings are inconclusive or when the extent of the systemic metastatic disease is studied. The main objective of this study is to offer an update on the epidemiology and radiology of spinal metastasis (SMs), endorsed by the WFNS Spine Committee. A systematic review of the literature of the last ten years gave 1531 results with “spine/spinal metastatic tumors/metastasis AND radiology OR imaging OR classification” as search strings in all fields, of which 56 papers were fully analyzed. The results were discussed and voted on in two consensus meetings of the WFNS (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies) Spine Committee, reaching a positive or negative consensus using the Delphi method. The committee stated nine recommendations on two main topics: (1) Incidence and epidemiology of SMs; (2) Radiology and classifications of SMs.

Available only for authorised users

Van den Brande R, Cornips MJ, Peeters E, Ost M, Billiet P, Van de Kelft C E (2022) Epidemiology of spinal metastases, metastatic epidural spinal cord compression and pathologic vertebral compression fractures in patients with solid tumors: a systematic review. J Bone Oncol 35:100446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100446CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Patel P, Chaudhary K, Dalvie S (2022) Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approach. Indian Spine J 5:150–157. https://doi.org/10.4103/isj.isj_77_21CrossRef

Rostami R, Safarpour D, Tavassoli FA, Jabbari B (2013) Intramedullary metastasis in breast cancer - A comprehensive literature review. J Neurol Sci 332:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.032CrossRefPubMed

Curtin M, Piggott RP, Murphy EP, Munigangaiah S, Baker JF, McCabe JP, Devitt A (2017) Spinal metastatic disease: a review of the role of the multidisciplinary team. Orthop Surg 9:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12334CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Başdelioğlu K (2021) Features of spinal metastases: a retrospective view. Int J Spine Surg 15:119–129. https://doi.org/10.14444/8016CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Boaro A, Wells M, Chi J, Lu Y, Smith TR, Groff MW, Zaidi H (2020) A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Analysis of Postoperative Major and minor complications in patients with spinal metastatic disease. World Neurosurg 140:e203–e211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.225CrossRefPubMed

Yang L, Wang F, Zhang H, Yang X, gang, Zhang H ran, Li J kai, Qiao R qi, Zhang G chuan, Hu Y (2019) cheng Patient Characteristics Following Surgery for Spinal Metastases: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Orthop Surg 11:1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12551

Hernandez R, Wade S, Reich A, Pirolli M, Liede A, GH L (2018) Incidence of bone metastases in patients with solid tumors: analysis of oncology electronic medical records in the United States. BMC Cancer Jan 6:18:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3922-0CrossRef

Horn SR, Dhillon ES, Poorman GW, Tishelman JC, Segreto FA, Bortz CA, Moon JY, Behery O, Shepard N, Diebo BG, Vira S, Passias PG (2018) Epidemiology and national trends in prevalence and surgical management of metastatic spinal disease. J Clin Neurosci 53:183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.04.022CrossRefPubMed

10.

Fornasier V, Horne J (1975) Metastases to the vertebral column. Cancer 36:590–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197508)36:2%3C590::aid-cncr2820360240%3E3.0.co;2-f. PMID: 1157021

11.

Ortiz Gómez J (1995) The incidence of vertebral body metastases. Int Orthop 19:309–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00181116. PMID: 8567140

12.

Zaikova O, Giercksky K, Fosså S, Kvaløy S, Johannesen T, Skjeldal S (2009) A population-based study of spinal metastatic disease in South-East Norway. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) Dec 21:753–759 Epub 2009 Oct 21. PMID: 19850454CrossRef

13.

Sohn S, Kim J, Chung CK, Lee NR, Park E, Chang UK, Sohn MJ, Kim SH (2015) Nationwide epidemiology and healthcare utilization of spine tumor patients in the adult Korean population, 2009–2012. Neuro-Oncology Pract 2:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1093/nop/npv006CrossRef

14.

Sohn S, Kim J, Chung CK, Lee NR, Park E, Chang UK, Sohn MJ, Kim SH (2016) A nationwide epidemiological study of newly diagnosed spine metastasis in the adult Korean population. Spine J 16:937–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2016.03.006CrossRefPubMed

15.

Amelot A, Balabaud L, Choi D, Fox Z, Crockard HA, Albert T, Arts CM, Buchowski JM, Bunger C, Chung CK, Coppes MH, Depreitere B, Fehlings MG, Harrop J, Kawahara N, Kim ES, Lee CS, Leung Y, Liu ZJ, Martin-Benlloch JA, Massicotte EM, Meyer B, Oner FC, Peul W, Quraishi N, Tokuhashi Y, Tomita K, Ulbricht C, Verlaan JJ, Wang M, Mazel C (2017) Surgery for metastatic spine tumors in the elderly. Advanced age is not a contraindication to surgery! Spine J 17:759–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2015.07.440CrossRefPubMed

16.

Choi SH, Koo JW, Choe D, Kang CN (2020) The incidence and Management trends of metastatic spinal tumors in South Korea: a Nationwide Population-based study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 45:E856–E863. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003445CrossRefPubMed

17.

Kelly ML, Kshettry VR, Rosenbaum BP, Seicean A, Weil RJ (2014) Effect of a randomized controlled trial on the surgical treatment of spinal metastasis, 2000 through 2010: a population-based cohort study. Cancer 120:901–908. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28497CrossRefPubMed

18.

Luksanapruksa P, Santipas B, Ruangchainikom M, Korwutthikulrangsri E, Pichaisak W, Wilartratsami S (2022) Epidemiologic Study of Operative Treatment for Spinal Metastasis in Thailand: a review of National Healthcare Data from 2005 to 2014. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 65:57–63. https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2020.0330CrossRef

19.

Onken JS, Fekonja LS, Wehowsky R, Hubertus V, Vajkoczy P (2019) Metastatic dissemination patterns of different primary tumors to the spine and other bones. Clin Exp Metastasis 36:493–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-019-09987-wCrossRefPubMed

20.

Svensson E, Christiansen C, Ulrichsen S, Rørth M, Sørensen H (2017) Survival after bone metastasis by primary cancer type: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br Med J Open Sep 11:7:e016022

21.

Zhang HR, Qiao RQ, Yang XG, Hu YC (2020) A multicenter, descriptive epidemiologic survey of the clinical features of spinal metastatic disease in China. Neurol Res 42:749–759. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2020.1773630CrossRefPubMed

22.

Sailhan F, Prost S, Zairi F, Gille O, Pascal-Mousselard H, Bennis S, Charles YP, Blondel B, Fuentes S (2018) Retrospective multicenter study by the French spine society of surgical treatment for spinal metastasis in France. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 104:589–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2018.06.006CrossRefPubMed

23.

Gao QP, Yang DZ, Yuan Z, Bin, Guo YX (2021) Prognostic factors and its predictive value in patients with metastatic spinal cancer. World J Clin Cases 9:5470–5478. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i20.5470CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Gao X, Pan R, Chen M, Zhao J, Zhong W, Wang H, Si X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Xu Y, Wang M (2022) Leptomeningeal enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. Thorac Cancer 13:1059–1066. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.14362CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Hong S, Youk T, Lee S, Kim K, CM V (2020) Bone metastasis and skeletal-related events in patients with solid cancer: A Korean nationwide health insurance database study. PLoS One Jul 17;15:e0234927. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234927. PMID: 32678818

26.

Gu R, Liu JB, Zhang Q, Liu GY, Zhu QS (2014) MRI diagnosis of intradural extramedullary tumors. J Cancer Res Ther 10:927–931. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.137993CrossRefPubMed

27.

Khan M, Garg R, Gui C, Lee Y, Sahgal A, Mossa-Basha M, Mayr N, Lo S, Redmond K (2019) Neuroimaging and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for spine metastasis. Top Magn Reson Imaging 28:85–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000199CrossRefPubMed

28.

Kimura T (2018) Multidisciplinary approach for bone metastasis: a review. Cancers (Basel) 10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10060156CrossRef

29.

Kuah T, Vellayappan BA, Makmur A, Nair S, Song J, Tan JH, Kumar N, Quek ST, Hallinan JTPD (2022) State-of-the-art imaging techniques in metastatic spinal cord Compression. Cancers (Basel) 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133289

30.

Mauch JT, Carr CM, Cloft H, Diehn FE (2018) Review of the imaging features of benign osteoporotic and malignant vertebral compression fractures. Am J Neuroradiol 39:1584–1592. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5528CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Mossa-Basha M, Gerszten PC, Myrehaug S, Mayr NA, Yuh WTC, Maralani PJ, Sahgal A, Lo SS (2019) Spinal metastasis: diagnosis, management and followup. Br J Radiol 92:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190211CrossRef

32.

Palanca M, Barbanti-Bròdano G, Marras D, Marciante M, Serra M, Gasbarrini A, Dall’Ara E, Cristofolini L (2021) Type, size, and position of metastatic lesions explain the deformation of the vertebrae under complex loading conditions. Bone 151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2021.116028CrossRef

33.

Rispoli R, Reverberi C, Targato G, D’Agostini S, Fasola G, Trovò M, Calci M, Fanin R, Cappelletto B (2022) Multidisciplinary Approach to patients with metastatic spinal cord Compression: a diagnostic therapeutic algorithm to improve the neurological outcome. Front Oncol 12:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.902928CrossRef

34.

Isaac A, Dalili D, Dalili D, Weber MA (2020) State-of-the-art imaging for diagnosis of metastatic bone disease. Radiologe 60:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-020-00666-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Bönig L, Möhn N, Ahlbrecht J, Wurster U, Raab P, Puppe W, Sühs KW, Stangel M, Skripuletz T, Schwenkenbecher P (2019) Leptomeningeal metastasis: the role of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics. Front Neurol 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00839

36.

Arana E, Kovacs FM, Royuela A, Asenjo B, Nagib F, Pérez-Aguilera S, Dejoz M, Cabrera-Zubizarreta A, García-Hidalgo Y, Estremera A, Alonso A, Álvarez MA, Álvarez-Galovich L, Antuña A, Cabrera J, Casillas C, Catalán G, Dualde D, Fernández-Baillo N, Ferreiro A, Ferrer P, García-Duque S, García-Villar C, Hernando-Requejo O, Ibáñez L, Lersundi A, Manero M, Martín A, Palomino JC, Pérez-Romasanta LA, Plata-Bello J, Prada R, Roldán H, Romero-Muñoz LM, Tomé-Bermejo F, Vanaclocha V, Zamarro J (2020) Metastatic versus osteoporotic vertebral fractures on MRI: a blinded, multicenter, and multispecialty observer agreement evaluation. JNCCN J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 18:267–273. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2019.7367CrossRef

37.

Arana E, Kovacs FM, Royuela A, Asenjo B, Pérez-Ramírez Ú, Zamora J (2016) Agreement in metastatic spinal cord compression. JNCCN J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 14:70–76. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2016.0008CrossRef

38.

Arana E, Kovacs FM, Royuela A, Asenjo B, Pérez-Ramírez Ú, Zamora J, Abraira V, Alcázar L, Alonso A, Álvarez L, Álvarez MA, Amengual G, Antuña A, Aparici F, Bagó J, Barriga A, Barrios M, Bas P, Begara J, Bravo-Rodríguez F, Cabrera A, Casillas C, Catalán G, Conde AJ, de las Peñas R, Díaz L, Dualde D, Estremera A, Fenollosa J, Fernández C, Fernández E, Fernández-Baillo N, Ferrer P, Fuster S, Galarraga MI, García-Villar C, García-Ferrer L, García MI, García-Duque S, Garde J, González A, González-Díaz R, Hernández-Fernández A, Hernando O, Hernanz R, Hervás A, Holgado E, Juan MJ, Lavernia J, Lazo A, Lersundi A, López E, Magallón R, Majem M, Martín A, Martín MI, Martínez J, Montoya J, Moreno P, Navarro A, Noguerón E, de Mendivil AO, Palomino JC, Paniagua JC, Pereira D, Pérez-Romasanta LA, Pérez R, Piñera ÁR, Piñero P, Plata-Bello J, Poblete J, Ramírez J, Repetto JA, Rivas D, Roldán H, Ruiz F, Sánchez JM, Sancho S, Sarasíbar H, Sepúlveda JM, Silvestre A, Sobrino B, Tomé-Bermejo F, Tovar I, Vallejo M del, Vanaclocha C, Villanueva V, Zamarro A, Zazpe J (2016) I Spine Instability Neoplastic Score: agreement across different medical and surgical specialties. Spine J 16:591–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.006

39.

De Moya AF, Kovacs E, Royuela FM, Asenjo A, Perez-Ramirez B, Zamora U J (2015) Agreement in the assessment of metastatic spine disease using scoring systems. Radiother Oncol 115:256–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.03.016.TheCrossRef

40.

Fisher CG, Schouten R, Versteeg AL, Boriani S, Varga PP, Rhines LD, Kawahara N, Fourney D, Weir L, Reynolds JJ, Sahgal A, Fehlings MG, Gokaslan ZL (2014) Reliability of the spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS) among radiation oncologists: an assessment of instability secondary to spinal metastases. Radiat Oncol 9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-717X-9-69CrossRef

41.

Jacobsen Teixeira WG, de Mesquita Coutinho PR, Marchese LD, Narazaki DK, Cristante AF, Teixeira MJ, Pessoa de Barros Filho TE, de Camargo OP (2013) Interobserver agreement for the spine instability neoplastic score varies according to the experience of the evaluator. Clinics 68:213–217. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(02)OA15

42.

Husain ZA, Sahgal A, Chang EL, Maralani PJ, Kubicky CD, Redmond KJ, Fisher C, Laufer I, Lo SS (2017) Modern approaches to the management of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. CNS Oncol 6:231–241. https://doi.org/10.2217/cns-2016-0044CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Lee SH, Tatsui CE, Ghia AJ, Amini B, Li J, Zavarella SM, Tannir NM, Brown PD, Rhines LD (2016) Can the spinal instability neoplastic score prior to spinal radiosurgery predict compression fractures following stereotactic spinal radiosurgery for metastatic spinal tumor? A post hoc analysis of prospective phase II single-institution trials. J Neurooncol 126:509–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-015-1990-zCrossRefPubMed

44.

Takigawa T, Tanaka M, Sugimoto Y, Tetsunaga T, Nishida K, Ozaki T (2017) Discrimination between malignant and benign vertebral fractures using magnetic resonance imaging. Asian Spine J 11:478–483. https://doi.org/10.4184/asj.2017.11.3.478CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Thawait SK, Kim J, Klufas RA, Morrison WB, Flanders AE, Carrino JA, Ohno-Machado L (2013) Comparison of four prediction models to discriminate benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures according to MRI feature analysis. Am J Roentgenol 200:493–502. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.11.7192CrossRef

46.

Ehresman J, Schilling A, Pennington Z, Gui C, Chen X, Lubelski D, Ahmed AK, Cottrill E, Khan M, Redmond KJ, Sciubba DM (2020) A novel MRI-based score assessing trabecular bone quality to predict vertebral compression fractures in patients with spinal metastasis. J Neurosurg Spine 32:499–506. https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.9.SPINE19954CrossRefPubMed

47.

Park S, Jin Ho L (2019) Differentiation of Schmorl Nodes from Bone metastases of the and Fat Fraction Derived from a Dixon sequence. 228–235

48.

Park S, Kwack KS, Chung NS, Hwang J, Lee HY, Kim JH (2017) Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of focal vertebral bone marrow lesions: initial experience of the differentiation of nodular hyperplastic hematopoietic bone marrow from malignant lesions. Skeletal Radiol 46:675–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-017-2603-zCrossRefPubMed

49.

Arevalo-Perez J, Peck K, JK L, Holodny A, Lis E, Karimi S (2015) Differentiating Benign from malignant vertebral fractures using T1-Weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 42:1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24863CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Geith T, Biffar A, Schmidt G, Sourbron S, Dürr HR, Reiser M, Baur-Melnyk A (2013) Quantitative analysis of acute benign and malignant vertebral body fractures using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Am J Roentgenol 200:635–644. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.9351CrossRef

51.

Guan Y, Peck KK, Lyo J, Tisnado J, Lis E, Arevalo-Perez J, Yamada Y, Hameed MR, Karimi S, Holodny A (2020) T1-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to differentiate nonneoplastic and malignant vertebral body lesions in the spine. Radiology 297:382–389. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOL.2020190553CrossRefPubMed

52.

Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang E, Yu H, Yuan H, Zhang Y, Su M-Y, Lang N (2020) Diagnosis of Spinal Lesions Using Perfusion Parameters Measured by DCE-MRI and Metabolism Parameters Measured by PET/CT. Eur Spine Journalpi 29:1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06213-9. Diagnosis

53.

Donners R, Hirschmann A, Gutzeit A, Harder D (2021) T2-weighted Dixon MRI of the spine: a feasibility study of quantitative vertebral bone marrow analysis. Diagn Interv Imaging 102:431–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2021.01.013CrossRefPubMed

54.

Moore SL, Kransdorf MJ, Schweitzer ME, Murphey MD, Babb JS (2012) Can sarcoidosis and metastatic bone lesions be reliably differentiated on routine MRI? Am J Roentgenol 198:1387–1393. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.11.7498CrossRef

55.

Hahn S, Lee YH, Suh JS (2018) Detection of vertebral metastases: a comparison between the modified Dixon turbo spin echo T2 weighted MRI and conventional T1 weighted MRI: a preliminary study in a tertiary centre. Br J Radiol 91. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20170782

56.

Panagiotidis E, Pant V, Vinjamuri S (2023) Review of the role of MRI and 18F-sodium fluoride PET/computed tomography in the characterisation of spinal bone metastases in a cohort of patients with breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 44:219–225. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0000000000001659CrossRefPubMed

57.

O’Sullivan GJ (2015) Imaging of bone metastasis: an update. World J Radiol 7:202. https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v7.i8.202CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Patel PY, Dalal I, Griffith B (2022) [18F]FDG-PET evaluation of spinal Pathology in patients in Oncology: pearls and pitfalls for the neuroradiologist. Am J Neuroradiol 43:332–340. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7308CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Hardisty M, Wright T, Campbell M, Burke M, Atenafu E, Cawricz M, Caldwell C, Yee A, Sahgal A, Whyne C (2020) CT based quantitative measures of the stability of fractured metastatically involved vertebrae treated with spine stereotactic body radiotherapy. Clin Exp Metastasis 37:575–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-020-10049-9CrossRefPubMed

60.

Torres C, Hammond I (2016) Computed tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the differentiation of osteoporotic fractures from neoplastic metastatic fractures. J Clin Densitom 19:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2015.08.008CrossRefPubMed

61.

Pezaro C, Omlin A, Perez-Lopez R, Mukherji D, Attard G, Bianchini D, Lorente D, Parker C, Dearnaley D, de Bono J, Sohaib A, Tunariu N (2015) Progressive computed tomography (CT) appearances preceding malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Radiol 70:359–365CrossRefPubMed

62.

Catherin G, MacLeod N, Sheridan S (2015) Is CT adequate to assess for malignant cord compression? Clin Radiol 70:S7CrossRef

63.

Confavreux CB, Follet H, Mitton D, Pialat JB, Clézardin P (2021) Fracture risk evaluation of bone metastases: a burning issue. Cancers (Basel) 13:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225711CrossRef

64.

Hallinan JTPD, Ge S, Zhu L, Zhang W, Lim YT, Thian YL, Jagmohan P, Kuah T, Lim DSW, Low XZ, Teo EC, Barr Kumarakulasinghe N, Yap QV, Chan YH, Tan JH, Kumar N, Vellayappan BA, Ooi BC, Quek ST, Makmur A (2022) Diagnostic accuracy of CT for metastatic epidural spinal cord Compression. Cancers (Basel) 14:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14174231CrossRef

65.

Mostardi PM, Diehn FE, Rykken JB, Eckel LJ, Schwartz KM, Kaufmann TJ, Wood CP, Wald JT, Hunt CH (2014) Intramedullary spinal cord metastases: visibility on PET and correlation with MRI features. Am J Neuroradiol 35:196–201. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3618CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

He X, Zhao L, Guo X, Zhao L, Wu J, Huang J, Sun L, Xie C, Chen H (2018) Differential diagnostic value of18F-FDG PET/CT for benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Manag Res 10:2105–2115. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S168374CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Uchida K, Nakajima H, Miyazaki T, Tsuchida T (2013) F-FDG PET / CT for diagnosis of Osteosclerotic and osteolytic vertebral metastatic lesions. Asian Spine J 7:96–103CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Batouli A, Braun J, Singh K, Gholamrezanezhad A, Casagranda BU, Alavi A (2018) Diagnosis of non-osseous spinal metastatic disease: the role of PET/CT and PET/MRI. J Neurooncol 138:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-018-2794-8CrossRefPubMed

69.

Ehman E, Johnson G, Villanueva-Meyer J, Cha S, Leynes A, Larson P, Hope T (2017) PET/MRI: where might it replace PET/CT? J Magn Reson Imaging 146:1247–1262. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25711CrossRef

70.

Zhang Y, Shi H, Cheng D, Jiang L, Xiu Y, Li B, Gu Y, Chen S (2013) Added value of SPECT/spiral CT versus SPECT in diagnosing solitary spinal lesions in patients with extraskeletal malignancies. Nucl Med Commun 34:451–458. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0b013e32835fa552CrossRefPubMed

71.

McLain R, Weinstein J (1990) Tumors of the spine. Semin Spine Surg 2:157–180

72.

Enneking W, Spainer S, Goodman M (1980) A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcomas. Clin Orthop 153:106–120CrossRef

73.

Boriani S, Weinstein J, Biagini R (1997) Primary bone tumors of the spine: terminology and surgical staging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 22:1036–1044CrossRefPubMed

74.

Tokuhashi Y, Uei H, Oshima M (2017) Classification and scoring systems for metastatic spine tumors: a literature review. Spine Surg Relat Res 1:44–55. https://doi.org/10.22603/ssrr.1.2016-0021CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Tomita K, N K, Yoshida TK, Murakami A, Akamaru H T (2001) Surgical strategy for spinal metastases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26:298–306CrossRefPubMed

76.

Bilsky M, Laufer I, Fourney D, Groff M, Schmidt M, Varga P, Vrionis F, Yamada Y, Gerszten P, Kuklo T (2010) Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale. J Neurosurg Spine 13:324–328CrossRefPubMed

Title: Incidence, epidemiology, radiology, and classification of metastatic spine tumors: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations
Authors: Francesco Costa
Francesco Restelli
Niccolò Innocenti
Mehmet Zileli
Sandeep Vaishya
Corinna Zygourakis
Mirza Pojskic
Onur Yaman
Salman Sharif
Publication date: 01-12-2024
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Spinal Tumor
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Metastasis
Spinal Metastasis
Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography
Published in: Neurosurgical Review / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 0344-5607
Electronic ISSN: 1437-2320
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-024-03095-4

Letter to the editor “Anterior interhemispheric vs pterional approach in the microsurgical management of anterior communicating artery aneurysms: a comparative analysis employing a novel multidimensional matching‑tool”

Aneurysm
Correspondence

Anterior cervical controllable Antedisplacement and Fusion (ACAF) versus Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion (ACCF) for ossification of the cervical posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Review

Investigation of research quality and transparency in neurosurgery through the utilization of open science practices

Research

Letter to editor: short-term predictors of stereotactic radiosurgery outcome for untreated single non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases: a retrospective cohort study

Metastasis
Correspondence

Comment on, “Increased expression of ephrin A1 in brain arteriovenous malformation: DNA microarray analysis”

Brain Arteriovenous Malformation
Correspondence

Continuous irrigation with thrombolytics for intraventricular hemorrhage: case–control study

Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Research

Mastering chronic pancreatitis pain: A multidisciplinary approach and practical solutions

Webinar | 06-02-2024 | 20:00 (CET)

Severe pain is the most common symptom of chronic pancreatitis. In this webinar, experts share the latest insights in pain management for chronic pancreatitis patients. Experts from a range of disciplines discuss pertinent cases and provide practical suggestions for use within clinical practice.

Keynote series | Spotlight on menopause

Springer Medicine

Incidence, epidemiology, radiology, and classification of metastatic spine tumors: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations

Abstract

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

Letter to the editor “Anterior interhemispheric vs pterional approach in the microsurgical management of anterior communicating artery aneurysms: a comparative analysis employing a novel multidimensional matching‑tool”

Anterior cervical controllable Antedisplacement and Fusion (ACAF) versus Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion (ACCF) for ossification of the cervical posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Investigation of research quality and transparency in neurosurgery through the utilization of open science practices

Letter to editor: short-term predictors of stereotactic radiosurgery outcome for untreated single non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases: a retrospective cohort study

Comment on, “Increased expression of ephrin A1 in brain arteriovenous malformation: DNA microarray analysis”

Continuous irrigation with thrombolytics for intraventricular hemorrhage: case–control study

Mastering chronic pancreatitis pain: A multidisciplinary approach and practical solutions

Keynote series | Spotlight on menopause

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content