Top

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology

06-09-2024 | Smelling Disorder | Rhinology

The effect of nasopharyngeal obstruction on the olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in children

First author:

Authors: Linyin Yao, Jia Liu, Xiaoli Yi, Qinglong Gu

Published in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology

Abstract

Purpose

Smell ability is associated with nasopharyngeal obstruction. Herein, we evaluated the effect of nasopharyngeal obstruction by adenoid hypertrophy on the olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth in children.

Methods

A total of 135 children who were candidates for brain magnetic resonance imagining scanning were enrolled in the study. The olfactory disorder-negative statements questionnaire was utilized to assess the patient-reported olfactory status. A validated sleep questionnaire was used to assess sleeping status. According to the adenoidal/nasopharyngeal (A/N) ratio, the children were divided into two groups: those with an A/N ratio ≤ 0.5 (n = 70) and those with an A/N ratio > 0.5 (n = 65). OB volume and OS depth measurements were performed on coronal T2-weighted images using planimetric manual contouring. The mean OB volumes and OS depths on the right and left sides were used for the evaluation.

Results

The mean OB volume of the group with an A/N ratio > 0.5 was significantly lower than that of the group with an A/N ratio ≤ 0.5 (P = 0.003), while there was no difference in the mean OS depth between groups (P = 0.061). In those with an A/N ratio > 0.5, the mean OB volume in older children (aged 9–12 years) was significantly lower than that in younger children (aged 5–8 years) (P = 0.012). In terms of laterality, the OS depth on the right side was significantly larger than that on the left side in both groups (P = 0.039 and P = 0.001). In the group with an A/N ratio ≤ 0.5, the OB volume on the right side was also significantly larger than that on the left side (P = 0.040); however, no such difference was observed in the group with an A/N ratio > 0.5 (P = 0.630). No sex-based differences were evident for any variable.

Conclusions

Children with nasopharyngeal obstruction greater than 50% have a significantly smaller OB volume. Our results suggest that morphological alterations in OB may contribute to the pathogenic mechanism of olfactory dysfunction related to nasopharyngeal obstruction.

Fornazieri MA, Ebara LK, Araújo RG, Lima JVF, Favareto FB, Pinna FR, Voegels RL, Doty RL (2022) Adaptation of the Pediatric Smell Wheel™ to evaluate olfactory function in Brazilian children. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol Suppl 5:S47–S51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.08.004CrossRef

Fornazieri MA, Araújo RG, Lima JVF, Favareto FB, Pinna FR, Voegels RL, Doty RL (2019) The effects of adenoidectomy on the smell perception of children. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 9:87–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22209CrossRefPubMed

Konstantinidis I, Triaridis S, Triaridis A, Petropoulos I, Karagiannidis K, Kontzoglou G (2005) How do children with adenoid hypertrophy smell and taste? Clinical assessment of olfactory function pre- and post-adenoidectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 69:1343–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.03.022CrossRefPubMed

Altundag A, Salihoglu M, Cayonu M, Tekeli H (2014) Clinical assessment of olfactory functions in children who underwent adenotonsillectomy during pre- and post-operative period. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 78:1138–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.04.032CrossRefPubMed

Rombaux P, Duprez T, Hummel T (2009) Olfactory bulb volume in the clinical assessment of olfactory dysfunction. Rhinology 47:3–9PubMed

Buschhüter D, Smitka M, Puschmann S, Gerber JC, Witt M, Abolmaali ND, Hummel T (2008) Correlation between olfactory bulb volume and olfactory function. NeuroImage 42:498–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.004CrossRefPubMed

Hummel T, Smitka M, Puschmann S, Gerber JC, Schaal B, Buschhüter D (2011) Correlation between olfactory bulb volume and olfactory function in children and adolescents. Exp Brain Res 214:285–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2832-7CrossRefPubMed

Hummel T, Urbig A, Huart C, Duprez T, Rombaux P (2015) Volume of olfactory bulb and depth of olfactory sulcus in 378 consecutive patients with olfactory loss. J Neurol 262:1046–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7691-xCrossRefPubMed

Özkiriş M, Gencer ZK, Aydin R, Açikgöz M, Saydam L (2017) Olfactory bulb volume changes in patients with nasal septal deviation. J Craniofac Surg 28:e203–e207. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000003436CrossRefPubMed

10.

Askar SM, Elnashar IS, El-Anwar MW, Amer HS, El Shawadfy MA, Hosny SM, Bazeed MF, Ahmed AF, Ghanem MA (2015) Ipsilateral reduced olfactory bulb volume in patients with unilateral nasal obstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 152:959–963. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599815573196CrossRefPubMed

11.

Zhang Y, Hu Z, Wang Y, Lou M, Ma R, Gong M, Dong J, Zheng G, Wang B (2023) Numerical investigation of nanoparticle deposition in the olfactory region among pediatric nasal airways with adenoid hypertrophy. Comput Biol Med 2167:107587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107587CrossRef

12.

Yi X, Yao L, Yuan X, Wei Y, Wang Z (2017) Linear dimensions of normal upper airway structure by magnetic resonance imaging in Chinese Han infants and preschool children. Sleep Med 37:98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.06.011CrossRefPubMed

13.

Yuan F, Wu D, Wei Y (2022) Predictive significance of the questionnaire of olfactory disorders-negative statements for olfactory loss in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 279:5253–5262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-022-07438-zCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Yao L, Yi X, Pinto JM, Yuan X, Guo Y, Liu Y, Wei Y (2018) Olfactory cortex and olfactory bulb volume alterations in patients with post-infectious olfactory loss. Brain Imaging Behav 12:1355–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-017-9807-7CrossRefPubMed

15.

Rombaux P, Potier H, Markessis E, Duprez T, Hummel T (2010) Olfactory bulb volume and depth of olfactory sulcus in patients with idiopathic olfactory loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 267:1551–1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-010-1230-2CrossRefPubMed

16.

Yi XL, Yao LY, Zhao PF, Yuan XY, Wang ZC (2021) Development patterns of adenoids in Chinese children without sleep-disordered breathing: a retrospective magnetic resonance imaging study with consecutive age groups. Chin Med J (Engl) 134:1500–1502. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000001478CrossRefPubMed

17.

Sun Q, Dong J, Zhang Y, Tian L, Tu J (2023) Numerical modelling of micron particle inhalation in a realistic nasal airway with pediatric adenoid hypertrophy: a virtual comparison between pre- and postoperative models. Front Pediatr 11:1083699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1083699CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Liu J, Pinto JM, Yang L, Yao L, Miao X, Wei Y (2018) Evaluation of idiopathic olfactory loss with chemosensory event-related potentials and magnetic resonance imaging. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 8:1315–1322. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22144CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Royet JP, Plailly J (2004) Lateralization of olfactory processes. Chem Senses 29:731–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh067CrossRefPubMed

20.

Evcimik MF, Dogru M, Cirik AA, Nepesov MI (2015) Adenoid hypertrophy in children with allergic disease and influential factors. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 79:694–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.02.017CrossRefPubMed

21.

LaFever BJ, Imamura F (2022) Effects of nasal inflammation on the olfactory bulb. J Neuroinflammation 19:294. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-022-02657-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: The effect of nasopharyngeal obstruction on the olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in children
First author:
Authors: Linyin Yao
Jia Liu
Xiaoli Yi
Qinglong Gu
Publication date: 06-09-2024
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Smelling Disorder
Smelling Disorder
Published in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
Print ISSN: 0937-4477
Electronic ISSN: 1434-4726
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-024-08945-x

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on modern management of frailty

Springer Medicine

The effect of nasopharyngeal obstruction on the olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in children

First author:

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on modern management of frailty

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content