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Open Access 01-12-2024 | Research

Self-harm hospitalizations and neighbourhood level material and social deprivation in Canada: an ecological study

Authors: Li Liu, Nathaniel J. Pollock, Gisèle Contreras, Yuan Xu, Wendy Thompson

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2024

Abstract

Background

Socio-economic status is associated with self-harm at the individual and area level. In Canada, there is limited evidence on the relationship between area-level markers of socio-economic status and self-harm. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of small area-level material and social deprivation on rates of hospitalization due to self-harm.

Methods

Administrative data on hospitalizations from two databases in Canada (Discharge Abstract Database and Ontario Mental Health Reporting System) for the period April 1, 2015 to March 31, 2022, were analyzed. Rates of self-harm hospitalization and percentage of repeated admissions were estimated across quintiles of material and social deprivation. Rate ratios were computed to evaluate disparities. The rates were stratified by sex and age group; the percentage of repeated admissions were stratified by sex.

Results

In total, the study included 109,398 hospitalizations due to self-harm. Populations in more deprived areas had higher rates of self-harm hospitalizations than those in less deprived areas. The rate ratios for people who lived in the most deprived areas over the least deprived areas were 1.48 (95% CI: 1.38–1.58) and 1.71 (95% CI: 1.60–1.82) for material and social deprivation, separately. The largest disparity was among people aged 25–44 years for material and 45–64 years for social deprivation. Percentages of repeated self-harm hospitalizations were significantly higher in more deprived areas compared to less deprived areas for social deprivation, and among males but not females for material deprivation.

Conclusions

Both material and social deprivation were associated with self-harm hospitalization and repeated admissions; the disparity varied by subgroup and the deprivation components. This study demonstrated a need to consider interventions at the neighbourhood level and address both community and population-level conditions of social and material need.

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Title: Self-harm hospitalizations and neighbourhood level material and social deprivation in Canada: an ecological study
Authors: Li Liu
Nathaniel J. Pollock
Gisèle Contreras
Yuan Xu
Wendy Thompson
Publication date: 01-12-2024
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06316-8

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Abstract

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Methods

Results

Conclusions

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