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Sports Medicine

18-12-2024 | Original Research Article

Running on Fumes: An Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter’s Impact on Finish Times in Nine Major US Marathons, 2003–2019

Authors: Elvira S. Fleury, Gray S. Bittker, Allan C. Just, Joseph M. Braun

Published in: Sports Medicine

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Abstract

Background

Under controlled conditions and in some observational studies of runners, airborne fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) is associated with exercise performance decrements.

Objective

To assess the association between event-day fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) and marathon finish times.

Methods

Using a spatiotemporal machine-learning model, we estimated event-day racecourse-averaged PM2.5 concentrations for nine major US marathons (2003–2019). We obtained 1,506,137 male and 1,058,674 female finish times from 140 event-years of public marathon data. We used linear and quantile mixed models to estimate the mean and percentile-specific year and heat index-adjusted effect of 1 µg/m3 higher event-day racecourse-averaged PM2.5 on marathon finish times in sex-stratified samples.

Results

Analyzing all finish times, 1 µg/m3 higher race-day PM2.5 was associated with 32-s slower average finish times among men (95% confidence limits (CL) 30, 33 s) and 25-s slower average finish times among women (95% CL 23, 27 s). Quantile-specific associations of event-day PM2.5 with finish times were larger for faster-than-median finishers. While PM2.5 was generally associated with slower finish times in single-event models, there was effect heterogeneity, and most 95% confidence intervals included the null.

Conclusion

Greater race-day PM2.5 was associated with slower average marathon finish times, with more pronounced effects in faster-than-median runners. While more research is needed to characterize effect heterogeneity across the performance spectrum, these findings show the impact of PM2.5 on marathon performance and the importance of considering data from multiple competitions when estimating PM2.5 effects from event-level data.
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Metadata
Title
Running on Fumes: An Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter’s Impact on Finish Times in Nine Major US Marathons, 2003–2019
Authors
Elvira S. Fleury
Gray S. Bittker
Allan C. Just
Joseph M. Braun
Publication date
18-12-2024
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02160-8