Skip to main content
Top

07-08-2024 | Rheumatology | Review

Managing Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: Insights from a Nutritional Perspective

Authors: Huimin Chen, Lu Liu, Yi Wang, Liqiong Hong, Jiahui Pan, Xiongkai Yu, Haijiang Dai

Published in: Current Nutrition Reports

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Autoimmune diseases manifest as an immune system response directed against endogenous antigens, exerting a significant influence on a substantial portion of the population. Notably, a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality in this context is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intriguingly, individuals with autoimmune disorders exhibit a heightened prevalence of CVD compared to the general population. The meticulous management of CV risk factors assumes paramount importance, given the current absence of a standardized solution to this perplexity. This review endeavors to address this challenge from a nutritional perspective.

Recent Findings

Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation, a common thread in autoimmune diseases, also plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Nutritional interventions aimed at reducing inflammation have shown promise in mitigating cardiovascular risk.

Summary

The integration of nutritional strategies into the management plans for patients with autoimmune diseases offers a holistic approach to reducing cardiovascular risk. While conventional pharmacological treatments remain foundational, the addition of targeted dietary interventions can provide a complementary pathway to improve cardiovascular outcomes.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Fugger L, Jensen LT, Rossjohn J. Challenges, Progress, and prospects of developing therapies to treat Autoimmune diseases. Cell. 2020;181:63–80.PubMedCrossRef Fugger L, Jensen LT, Rossjohn J. Challenges, Progress, and prospects of developing therapies to treat Autoimmune diseases. Cell. 2020;181:63–80.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Sitia S, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Di Bello V, Tomasoni L, Delfino L, Antonini-Canterin F, Di Salvo G, Colonna VD, La Carrubba S, et al. Cardiovascular involvement in systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun rev. 2009;8:281–6.PubMedCrossRef Sitia S, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Di Bello V, Tomasoni L, Delfino L, Antonini-Canterin F, Di Salvo G, Colonna VD, La Carrubba S, et al. Cardiovascular involvement in systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun rev. 2009;8:281–6.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Conrad N, Verbeke G, Molenberghs G, Goetschalckx L, Callender T, Cambridge G, Mason JC, Rahimi K, McMurray JJ, Verbakel JY. Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet (London, England). 2022; 400, 733–743. A population-based study from 2000 to 2021 on autoimmune disorders and cardiovascular risk revealed a 1.4–3.6 times higher cardiovascular disease risk in patients with autoimmune disorders. The findings advocate for integrating cardiovascular risk prevention into the management of autoimmune diseases and call for further research to develop and validate effective prevention strategies, including screening programs and preventive treatments. Conrad N, Verbeke G, Molenberghs G, Goetschalckx L, Callender T, Cambridge G, Mason JC, Rahimi K, McMurray JJ, Verbakel JY. Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet (London, England). 2022; 400, 733–743. A population-based study from 2000 to 2021 on autoimmune disorders and cardiovascular risk revealed a 1.4–3.6 times higher cardiovascular disease risk in patients with autoimmune disorders. The findings advocate for integrating cardiovascular risk prevention into the management of autoimmune diseases and call for further research to develop and validate effective prevention strategies, including screening programs and preventive treatments.
4.
go back to reference Pesqueda-Cendejas K, Rivera-Escoto M, Meza-Meza MR, Campos-López B, Parra-Rojas I, Montoya-Buelna M. De La Cruz-Mosso U. Nutritional approaches to Modulate Cardiovascular Disease risk in systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A literature review. Nutrients. 2023;15:1036.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pesqueda-Cendejas K, Rivera-Escoto M, Meza-Meza MR, Campos-López B, Parra-Rojas I, Montoya-Buelna M. De La Cruz-Mosso U. Nutritional approaches to Modulate Cardiovascular Disease risk in systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A literature review. Nutrients. 2023;15:1036.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Drosos D GC, Vedder, Houben E, Boekel L, Atzeni F, Badreh S, Boumpas DT, Brodin N, Bruce IN, González-Gay MÁ. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81:768–79. The European League Against Rheumatism developed recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. It includes the prediction of cardiovascular risk and the management of risk factors, which indicate the significance of lifestyle improvement. Drosos D GC, Vedder, Houben E, Boekel L, Atzeni F, Badreh S, Boumpas DT, Brodin N, Bruce IN, González-Gay MÁ. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81:768–79. The European League Against Rheumatism developed recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. It includes the prediction of cardiovascular risk and the management of risk factors, which indicate the significance of lifestyle improvement.
6.
go back to reference Del Rincón I, Williams K, Stern MP, Freeman GL, Escalante A. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheumatism: Official J Am Coll Rheumatol. 2001;44:2737–45.CrossRef Del Rincón I, Williams K, Stern MP, Freeman GL, Escalante A. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheumatism: Official J Am Coll Rheumatol. 2001;44:2737–45.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Haider YS, Roberts WC. Coronary arterial disease in systemic lupus erythematosus; quantification of degrees of narrowing in 22 necropsy patients (21 women) aged 16 to 37 years. Am J Med. 1981;70:775–81.PubMedCrossRef Haider YS, Roberts WC. Coronary arterial disease in systemic lupus erythematosus; quantification of degrees of narrowing in 22 necropsy patients (21 women) aged 16 to 37 years. Am J Med. 1981;70:775–81.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Man A, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Dubreuil M, Rho YH, Peloquin C, Simms RW, Choi HK. The risk of cardiovascular disease in systemic sclerosis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1188–93.PubMedCrossRef Man A, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Dubreuil M, Rho YH, Peloquin C, Simms RW, Choi HK. The risk of cardiovascular disease in systemic sclerosis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1188–93.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Matarese G. The link between obesity and autoimmunity. Volume 379. New York, N.Y.): Science; 2023. pp. 1298–300. Matarese G. The link between obesity and autoimmunity. Volume 379. New York, N.Y.): Science; 2023. pp. 1298–300.
10.
go back to reference Lerner A, Jeremias P, Matthias T. The world incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases is increasing. Int J Celiac Dis. 2015;3:151–5.CrossRef Lerner A, Jeremias P, Matthias T. The world incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases is increasing. Int J Celiac Dis. 2015;3:151–5.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Held M, Sestan M, Jelusic M. Obesity as a comorbidity in children and adolescents with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int. 2023;2:209–19. Held M, Sestan M, Jelusic M. Obesity as a comorbidity in children and adolescents with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int. 2023;2:209–19.
12.
go back to reference Versini M, Jeandel P-Y, Rosenthal E,Shoenfeld Y. Obesity in autoimmune diseases: not a passive bystander. Autoimmun rev. 2014;13:981–1000.PubMedCrossRef Versini M, Jeandel P-Y, Rosenthal E,Shoenfeld Y. Obesity in autoimmune diseases: not a passive bystander. Autoimmun rev. 2014;13:981–1000.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Liu Y, Hazlewood GS, Kaplan GG, Eksteen B, Barnabe C. Impact of obesity on remission and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69:157–65.CrossRef Liu Y, Hazlewood GS, Kaplan GG, Eksteen B, Barnabe C. Impact of obesity on remission and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69:157–65.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Frostegård J. Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. BMC Med. 2013;11:1–13.CrossRef Frostegård J. Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. BMC Med. 2013;11:1–13.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Bartoloni E, Alunno A, Gerli R. Hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Nat Reviews Cardiol. 2018;15:33–44.CrossRef Bartoloni E, Alunno A, Gerli R. Hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Nat Reviews Cardiol. 2018;15:33–44.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Hadwen B. Stranges S,Barra L.Risk factors for hypertension in rheumatoid arthritis patients-A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;4:102786.CrossRef Hadwen B. Stranges S,Barra L.Risk factors for hypertension in rheumatoid arthritis patients-A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;4:102786.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Han C, Robinson DW, Hackett MV, Paramore LC, Fraeman KH, Bala MV. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rhuematol. 2006;33(11):2167–72. Han C, Robinson DW, Hackett MV, Paramore LC, Fraeman KH, Bala MV. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rhuematol. 2006;33(11):2167–72.
18.
go back to reference Pérez-De-Lis M, Akasbi M, Sisó A, Diez-Cascon P, Brito-Zerón P, Diaz-Lagares C, Ortiz J, Perez-Alvarez R, Ramos-Casals M, Coca A. Cardiovascular risk factors in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a case-control study in 624 patients. Lupus. 2010;19(8):941–8.PubMedCrossRef Pérez-De-Lis M, Akasbi M, Sisó A, Diez-Cascon P, Brito-Zerón P, Diaz-Lagares C, Ortiz J, Perez-Alvarez R, Ramos-Casals M, Coca A. Cardiovascular risk factors in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a case-control study in 624 patients. Lupus. 2010;19(8):941–8.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Juarez M, Toms TE, De Pablo P, Mitchell S, Bowman S, Nightingale P, Price EJ, Griffiths B, Hunter J, Gupta M, Bombardieri M. Cardiovascular risk factors in women with primary Sjögren’s syndrome: United Kingdom primary Sjögren’s syndrome registry results. Arthritis Care Res. 2014;66(5):757–64.CrossRef Juarez M, Toms TE, De Pablo P, Mitchell S, Bowman S, Nightingale P, Price EJ, Griffiths B, Hunter J, Gupta M, Bombardieri M. Cardiovascular risk factors in women with primary Sjögren’s syndrome: United Kingdom primary Sjögren’s syndrome registry results. Arthritis Care Res. 2014;66(5):757–64.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Bartoloni E, Baldini CH, Schillaci G, Quartuccio L, Priori R, Carubbi F, Bini V, Alunno A, Bombardieri ST, De Vita S, Valesini G. Cardiovascular disease risk burden in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: results of a population-based multicentre cohort study. J Intern Med. 2015;278(2):185–92.PubMedCrossRef Bartoloni E, Baldini CH, Schillaci G, Quartuccio L, Priori R, Carubbi F, Bini V, Alunno A, Bombardieri ST, De Vita S, Valesini G. Cardiovascular disease risk burden in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: results of a population-based multicentre cohort study. J Intern Med. 2015;278(2):185–92.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Ballocca F, D’Ascenzo F, Moretti C, Omede P, Cerrato E, Barbero U, Abbate A, Bertero MT, Zoccai GB, Gaita F. Predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(11):1435–41.PubMedCrossRef Ballocca F, D’Ascenzo F, Moretti C, Omede P, Cerrato E, Barbero U, Abbate A, Bertero MT, Zoccai GB, Gaita F. Predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(11):1435–41.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Al-Herz A, Ensworth S, Shojania K, Esdaile JM. Cardiovascular risk factor screening in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rhuematol. 2003;30(3):493–6. Al-Herz A, Ensworth S, Shojania K, Esdaile JM. Cardiovascular risk factor screening in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rhuematol. 2003;30(3):493–6.
23.
go back to reference Sabio JM, Vargas-Hitos JA, Navarrete-Navarrete N, Mediavilla JD, Jiménez-Jáimez J, Díaz-Chamorro A, Jiménez-Alonso J. Prevalence of and factors associated with hypertension in young and old women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rhuematol. 2011;38(6):1026–32.CrossRef Sabio JM, Vargas-Hitos JA, Navarrete-Navarrete N, Mediavilla JD, Jiménez-Jáimez J, Díaz-Chamorro A, Jiménez-Alonso J. Prevalence of and factors associated with hypertension in young and old women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rhuematol. 2011;38(6):1026–32.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Fardet L, Flahault A, Kettaneh A, Tiev K, Généreau T, Tolédano C, Lebbé C. Cabane J. Corticosteroid-induced clinical adverse events: frequency, risk factors and patient’s opinion. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:142–8.PubMedCrossRef Fardet L, Flahault A, Kettaneh A, Tiev K, Généreau T, Tolédano C, Lebbé C. Cabane J. Corticosteroid-induced clinical adverse events: frequency, risk factors and patient’s opinion. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:142–8.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Hahn BH, Grossman J, Chen W, McMahon M. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: roles of inflammation and dyslipidemia. J Autoimmun. 2007;28:69–75.PubMedCrossRef Hahn BH, Grossman J, Chen W, McMahon M. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: roles of inflammation and dyslipidemia. J Autoimmun. 2007;28:69–75.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Laakso M, Kuusisto J. Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in cardiovascular disease development. Nat Reviews Endocrinol. 2014;10:293–302.CrossRef Laakso M, Kuusisto J. Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in cardiovascular disease development. Nat Reviews Endocrinol. 2014;10:293–302.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:98–107.PubMedCrossRef Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:98–107.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference El-Magadmi M, Bodill H, Ahmad Y, Durrington PN, Mackness M, Walker M, Bernstein RM, Bruce IN. Systemic lupus erythematosus: an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in women. Circulation. 2004;110:399–404.PubMedCrossRef El-Magadmi M, Bodill H, Ahmad Y, Durrington PN, Mackness M, Walker M, Bernstein RM, Bruce IN. Systemic lupus erythematosus: an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in women. Circulation. 2004;110:399–404.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Toms TE, Panoulas VF, Smith JP, Douglas KM, Metsios GS, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Kitas GD. Rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes associate with lipid levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1025–32.PubMedCrossRef Toms TE, Panoulas VF, Smith JP, Douglas KM, Metsios GS, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Kitas GD. Rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes associate with lipid levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1025–32.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Armstrong EJ. Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68:654–62.PubMedCrossRef Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Armstrong EJ. Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68:654–62.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Barua RS, Ambrose JA, Srivastava S, DeVoe MC, Eales-Reynolds LJ. Reactive oxygen species are involved in smoking-induced dysfunction of nitric oxide biosynthesis and upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: an in vitro demonstration in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circulation. 2003;107:2342–7.PubMedCrossRef Barua RS, Ambrose JA, Srivastava S, DeVoe MC, Eales-Reynolds LJ. Reactive oxygen species are involved in smoking-induced dysfunction of nitric oxide biosynthesis and upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: an in vitro demonstration in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circulation. 2003;107:2342–7.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Ambrose JA. Barua RS.The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;10:1731–7.CrossRef Ambrose JA. Barua RS.The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;10:1731–7.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Zhang W-t, Liu Z, Zhu B-c, Cui Z-y, Huang C, Wang X-j, Lu F, Li Q-y. Weng W-l, Hua G-d. effects of tobacco smoking on cardiovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:967506.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang W-t, Liu Z, Zhu B-c, Cui Z-y, Huang C, Wang X-j, Lu F, Li Q-y. Weng W-l, Hua G-d. effects of tobacco smoking on cardiovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:967506.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Sharif K, Watad A, Bragazzi NL, Lichtbroun M, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Physical activity and autoimmune diseases: get moving and manage the disease. Autoimmun rev. 2018;17:53–72.PubMedCrossRef Sharif K, Watad A, Bragazzi NL, Lichtbroun M, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Physical activity and autoimmune diseases: get moving and manage the disease. Autoimmun rev. 2018;17:53–72.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN. Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Circul Res. 2019;124:799–815.CrossRef Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN. Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Circul Res. 2019;124:799–815.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Hamburg NM, Balady GJ. Exercise rehabilitation in peripheral artery disease: functional impact and mechanisms of benefits. Circulation. 2011;123:87–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hamburg NM, Balady GJ. Exercise rehabilitation in peripheral artery disease: functional impact and mechanisms of benefits. Circulation. 2011;123:87–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S. Inflammation: a pivotal link between autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis. Autoimmun rev. 2006;5:331–7.PubMedCrossRef Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S. Inflammation: a pivotal link between autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis. Autoimmun rev. 2006;5:331–7.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Hansson GK, Libby P, Schönbeck U, Yan Z-Q. Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circul Res. 2002;91:281–91.CrossRef Hansson GK, Libby P, Schönbeck U, Yan Z-Q. Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circul Res. 2002;91:281–91.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Clapp BR, Hirschfield GM, Storry C, Gallimore JR, Stidwill RP, Singer M, Deanfield JE, MacAllister RJ, Pepys MB, Vallance P. Inflammation and endothelial function: direct vascular effects of human C-reactive protein on nitric oxide bioavailability. Circulation. 2005;111:1530–6.PubMedCrossRef Clapp BR, Hirschfield GM, Storry C, Gallimore JR, Stidwill RP, Singer M, Deanfield JE, MacAllister RJ, Pepys MB, Vallance P. Inflammation and endothelial function: direct vascular effects of human C-reactive protein on nitric oxide bioavailability. Circulation. 2005;111:1530–6.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Kong P, Cui ZY, Huang XF, Zhang DD, Guo RJ, Han M. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Therapy. 2022;7(1):131.CrossRef Kong P, Cui ZY, Huang XF, Zhang DD, Guo RJ, Han M. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Therapy. 2022;7(1):131.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circul Res. 2000;87:840–4.CrossRef Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circul Res. 2000;87:840–4.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Itabe H. Oxidative modification of LDL: its pathological role in atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2009;37:4–11.PubMedCrossRef Itabe H. Oxidative modification of LDL: its pathological role in atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2009;37:4–11.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomedical Science: IJBS. 2008;4:89.CrossRef Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomedical Science: IJBS. 2008;4:89.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M. Cardioimmunology: the immune system in cardiac homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18:733–44.PubMedCrossRef Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M. Cardioimmunology: the immune system in cardiac homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18:733–44.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Kaya Z, Leib C, Katus HA. Autoantibodies in heart failure and cardiac dysfunction. Circul Res. 2012;110:145–58.CrossRef Kaya Z, Leib C, Katus HA. Autoantibodies in heart failure and cardiac dysfunction. Circul Res. 2012;110:145–58.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Mustafa A, Nityanand S, Berglund L, Lithell H, Lefvert AK. Circulating immune complexes in 50-year-old men as a strong and independent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;102:2576–81.PubMedCrossRef Mustafa A, Nityanand S, Berglund L, Lithell H, Lefvert AK. Circulating immune complexes in 50-year-old men as a strong and independent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;102:2576–81.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Frostegård J. Autoimmunity, oxidized LDL and cardiovascular disease. Autoimmun rev. 2002;1:233–7.PubMedCrossRef Frostegård J. Autoimmunity, oxidized LDL and cardiovascular disease. Autoimmun rev. 2002;1:233–7.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Iseme RA, McEvoy M, Kelly B, Agnew L, Walker FR, Handley T, Oldmeadow C, Attia J. Boyle M. A role for autoantibodies in atherogenesis. Cardiovascular Res. 2017;113:1102–12.CrossRef Iseme RA, McEvoy M, Kelly B, Agnew L, Walker FR, Handley T, Oldmeadow C, Attia J. Boyle M. A role for autoantibodies in atherogenesis. Cardiovascular Res. 2017;113:1102–12.CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Wei L, MacDonald TM, Walker BR. Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with subsequent cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:764–70.PubMedCrossRef Wei L, MacDonald TM, Walker BR. Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with subsequent cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:764–70.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011; 8, e1001098. McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011; 8, e1001098.
52.
go back to reference Hoes J, Jacobs J, Verstappen S, Bijlsma J, Van der Heijden G. Adverse events of low-to medium-dose oral glucocorticoids in inflammatory diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1833–8.PubMedCrossRef Hoes J, Jacobs J, Verstappen S, Bijlsma J, Van der Heijden G. Adverse events of low-to medium-dose oral glucocorticoids in inflammatory diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1833–8.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Costello RE. Yimer BB,roads P,et al.Glucocorticoid use is associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;1:132–9.CrossRef Costello RE. Yimer BB,roads P,et al.Glucocorticoid use is associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;1:132–9.CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Bell S, Marwick CA. NSAIDs and cardiovascular risk. Kidney Int. 2013;85:211.CrossRef Bell S, Marwick CA. NSAIDs and cardiovascular risk. Kidney Int. 2013;85:211.CrossRef
55.
56.
go back to reference Prey S, Paul C. Effect of folic or folinic acid supplementation on methotrexate-associated safety and efficacy in inflammatory disease: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:622–8.PubMedCrossRef Prey S, Paul C. Effect of folic or folinic acid supplementation on methotrexate-associated safety and efficacy in inflammatory disease: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:622–8.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Agca R, Heslinga S, Rollefstad S, Heslinga M, McInnes I, Peters M, Kvien T, Dougados M, Radner H, Atzeni F. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:17–28.PubMedCrossRef Agca R, Heslinga S, Rollefstad S, Heslinga M, McInnes I, Peters M, Kvien T, Dougados M, Radner H, Atzeni F. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:17–28.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Visseren FL, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Back M, Benetos A, Biffi A, Boavida J-M, Capodanno D. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies with the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2021;42:3227–337.PubMedCrossRef Visseren FL, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Back M, Benetos A, Biffi A, Boavida J-M, Capodanno D. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies with the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2021;42:3227–337.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Bessant R, Hingorani A, Patel L, MacGregor A, Isenberg D, Rahman A. Risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in a large British cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology. 2004;43:924–9.PubMedCrossRef Bessant R, Hingorani A, Patel L, MacGregor A, Isenberg D, Rahman A. Risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in a large British cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology. 2004;43:924–9.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Urowitz MB, Ibañez D, Su J, Gladman DD. Modified Framingham risk factor score for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rhuematol. 2016;43:875–9.CrossRef Urowitz MB, Ibañez D, Su J, Gladman DD. Modified Framingham risk factor score for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rhuematol. 2016;43:875–9.CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017; 357. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017; 357.
63.
go back to reference Radin M, Sciascia S, Erkan D, Pengo V, Tektonidou MG, Ugarte A, Meroni P, Ji L, Belmont HM, Cohen H, et al. The adjusted global antiphospholipid syndrome score (aGAPSS) and the risk of recurrent thrombosis: results from the APS ACTION cohort. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;49:464–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Radin M, Sciascia S, Erkan D, Pengo V, Tektonidou MG, Ugarte A, Meroni P, Ji L, Belmont HM, Cohen H, et al. The adjusted global antiphospholipid syndrome score (aGAPSS) and the risk of recurrent thrombosis: results from the APS ACTION cohort. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;49:464–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Di Minno MN, Scalera A, Tufano A, Ambrosino P, Bettiol A, Silvestri E, Emmi G, Prisco D. The association of adjusted global AntiphosPholipid syndrome score (aGAPSS) with cardiovascular disease in subjects with antiphospholipid antibodies. Atherosclerosis. 2018;278:60–5.PubMedCrossRef Di Minno MN, Scalera A, Tufano A, Ambrosino P, Bettiol A, Silvestri E, Emmi G, Prisco D. The association of adjusted global AntiphosPholipid syndrome score (aGAPSS) with cardiovascular disease in subjects with antiphospholipid antibodies. Atherosclerosis. 2018;278:60–5.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Dahan S, Segal Y, Shoenfeld Y. Dietary factors in rheumatic autoimmune diseases: a recipe for therapy? Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13:348–58.PubMedCrossRef Dahan S, Segal Y, Shoenfeld Y. Dietary factors in rheumatic autoimmune diseases: a recipe for therapy? Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13:348–58.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Comee L, Taylor CA, Nahikian-Nelms M, Ganesan LP, Krok-Schoen JL. Dietary patterns and nutrient intake of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in the United States. Nutrition. 2019;67:110533.PubMedCrossRef Comee L, Taylor CA, Nahikian-Nelms M, Ganesan LP, Krok-Schoen JL. Dietary patterns and nutrient intake of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in the United States. Nutrition. 2019;67:110533.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Malesza IJ, Malesza M, Walkowiak J, Mussin N, Walkowiak D, Aringazina R, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Mądry E. High-fat, western-style diet, systemic inflammation, and gut microbiota: a narrative review. Cells. 2021;10(11):3164. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes. Malesza IJ, Malesza M, Walkowiak J, Mussin N, Walkowiak D, Aringazina R, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Mądry E. High-fat, western-style diet, systemic inflammation, and gut microbiota: a narrative review. Cells. 2021;10(11):3164. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes.
68.
go back to reference Jantan I, Haque MA, Arshad L, Harikrishnan H, Septama AW, Mohamed-Hussein Z-A. Dietary polyphenols suppress chronic inflammation by modulation of multiple inflammation-associated cell signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem. 2021;93:108634.PubMedCrossRef Jantan I, Haque MA, Arshad L, Harikrishnan H, Septama AW, Mohamed-Hussein Z-A. Dietary polyphenols suppress chronic inflammation by modulation of multiple inflammation-associated cell signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem. 2021;93:108634.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Chen L, Teng H, Jia Z, Battino M, Miron A, Yu Z, Cao H, Xiao J. Intracellular signaling pathways of inflammation modulated by dietary flavonoids: the most recent evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58:2908–24.PubMedCrossRef Chen L, Teng H, Jia Z, Battino M, Miron A, Yu Z, Cao H, Xiao J. Intracellular signaling pathways of inflammation modulated by dietary flavonoids: the most recent evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58:2908–24.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Goodfellow J, Bellamy MF, Ramsey MW, Jones CJ, Lewis MJ. Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:265–70.PubMedCrossRef Goodfellow J, Bellamy MF, Ramsey MW, Jones CJ, Lewis MJ. Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:265–70.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Aleksandrova K, Koelman L, Rodrigues CE. Dietary patterns and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation: A systematic review of observational and intervention studies. Redox biology. 2021; 42, 101869. By systematically reviewing the results of observational studies and intervention trials published over the past 5 years on the association between dietary patterns and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, it is concluded that plant-based dietary patterns are associated with reduced levels of oxidative stress and inflammation and may provide an effective means for the prevention of chronic diseases. Aleksandrova K, Koelman L, Rodrigues CE. Dietary patterns and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation: A systematic review of observational and intervention studies. Redox biology. 2021; 42, 101869. By systematically reviewing the results of observational studies and intervention trials published over the past 5 years on the association between dietary patterns and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, it is concluded that plant-based dietary patterns are associated with reduced levels of oxidative stress and inflammation and may provide an effective means for the prevention of chronic diseases.
72.
go back to reference Sukkar SG, Rossi E. Oxidative stress and nutritional prevention in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun rev. 2004;3:199–206.PubMedCrossRef Sukkar SG, Rossi E. Oxidative stress and nutritional prevention in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun rev. 2004;3:199–206.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Jamar G, Ribeiro DA, Pisani LP. High-fat or high-sugar diets as trigger inflammation in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61:836–54.PubMedCrossRef Jamar G, Ribeiro DA, Pisani LP. High-fat or high-sugar diets as trigger inflammation in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61:836–54.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Rojas M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Leung PS, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Anaya J-M. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2018;95:100–23.PubMedCrossRef Rojas M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Leung PS, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Anaya J-M. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2018;95:100–23.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Gershteyn IM, Ferreira LM, Immunodietica. A data-driven approach to investigate interactions between diet and autoimmune disorders. J Translational Autoimmun. 2019;1:100003.CrossRef Gershteyn IM, Ferreira LM, Immunodietica. A data-driven approach to investigate interactions between diet and autoimmune disorders. J Translational Autoimmun. 2019;1:100003.CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Natter S, Granditsch G, Reichel GL, Baghestanian M, Valent P, Elfman L, Grönlund H, Kraft D, Valenta R. IgA cross-reactivity between a nuclear autoantigen and wheat proteins suggests molecular mimicry as a possible pathomechanism in celiac disease. Eur J Immunol. 2001;31:918–28.PubMedCrossRef Natter S, Granditsch G, Reichel GL, Baghestanian M, Valent P, Elfman L, Grönlund H, Kraft D, Valenta R. IgA cross-reactivity between a nuclear autoantigen and wheat proteins suggests molecular mimicry as a possible pathomechanism in celiac disease. Eur J Immunol. 2001;31:918–28.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Vojdani A, Gushgari LR, Vojdani E. Interaction between food antigens and the immune system: Association with autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun rev. 2020;19:102459.PubMedCrossRef Vojdani A, Gushgari LR, Vojdani E. Interaction between food antigens and the immune system: Association with autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun rev. 2020;19:102459.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Zhang X, Zhao L-d, Li H. The gut microbiota: emerging evidence in autoimmune diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2020;26:862–73.PubMedCrossRef Zhang X, Zhao L-d, Li H. The gut microbiota: emerging evidence in autoimmune diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2020;26:862–73.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Richards JL, Yap YA, McLeod KH, Mackay CR, Mariño E. Dietary metabolites and the gut microbiota: an alternative approach to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Clin Translational Immunol. 2016; 5, e82. Richards JL, Yap YA, McLeod KH, Mackay CR, Mariño E. Dietary metabolites and the gut microbiota: an alternative approach to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Clin Translational Immunol. 2016; 5, e82.
83.
go back to reference Croxford JL, Olson JK, Miller SD. Epitope spreading and molecular mimicry as triggers of autoimmunity in the Theiler’s virus-induced demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun rev. 2002;1:251–60.PubMedCrossRef Croxford JL, Olson JK, Miller SD. Epitope spreading and molecular mimicry as triggers of autoimmunity in the Theiler’s virus-induced demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun rev. 2002;1:251–60.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Casula M, Olmastroni E, Gazzotti M, Galimberti F, Zambon A, Catapano AL. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation and cardiovascular outcomes: do formulation, dosage, and baseline cardiovascular risk matter? An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2020;160:105060.PubMedCrossRef Casula M, Olmastroni E, Gazzotti M, Galimberti F, Zambon A, Catapano AL. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation and cardiovascular outcomes: do formulation, dosage, and baseline cardiovascular risk matter? An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2020;160:105060.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Schulze MB, Minihane AM, Saleh RNM, Risérus U. Intake and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: nutritional implications for cardiometabolic diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:915–30.PubMedCrossRef Schulze MB, Minihane AM, Saleh RNM, Risérus U. Intake and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: nutritional implications for cardiometabolic diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:915–30.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Parish S, Mafham M, Offer A, Barton J, Wallendszus K, Stevens W, Buck G, Haynes R, Collins R, Bowman L. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on arrhythmias. Circulation. 2020;141:331–3.PubMedCrossRef Parish S, Mafham M, Offer A, Barton J, Wallendszus K, Stevens W, Buck G, Haynes R, Collins R, Bowman L. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on arrhythmias. Circulation. 2020;141:331–3.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Schunck W-H, Konkel A, Fischer R, Weylandt K-H. Therapeutic potential of omega-3 fatty acid-derived epoxyeicosanoids in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;183:177–204.PubMedCrossRef Schunck W-H, Konkel A, Fischer R, Weylandt K-H. Therapeutic potential of omega-3 fatty acid-derived epoxyeicosanoids in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;183:177–204.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Cleland LG, Caughey GE, James MJ, Proudman SM. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors with longterm fish oil treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rhuematol. 2006;33:1973–9. Cleland LG, Caughey GE, James MJ, Proudman SM. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors with longterm fish oil treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rhuematol. 2006;33:1973–9.
89.
go back to reference Wright SA, O’Prey FM, McHenry MT, Leahey WJ, Devine AB, Duffy EM, Johnston DG, Finch MB, Bell AL, McVeigh GE. A randomised interventional trial of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:841–8.PubMedCrossRef Wright SA, O’Prey FM, McHenry MT, Leahey WJ, Devine AB, Duffy EM, Johnston DG, Finch MB, Bell AL, McVeigh GE. A randomised interventional trial of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:841–8.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Lozovoy MA, Colado Simão AN, Morimoto HK, Scavuzzi BM, Iriyoda TV, Reiche EM, Cecchini R, Dichi I. Fish oil N-3 fatty acids increase adiponectin and decrease leptin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mar Drugs. 2015;13:1071–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lozovoy MA, Colado Simão AN, Morimoto HK, Scavuzzi BM, Iriyoda TV, Reiche EM, Cecchini R, Dichi I. Fish oil N-3 fatty acids increase adiponectin and decrease leptin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mar Drugs. 2015;13:1071–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Arriens C, Hynan LS, Lerman RH, Karp DR, Mohan C. Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil’s impact on fatigue, quality of life, and disease activity in systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nutr J. 2015;14:82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Arriens C, Hynan LS, Lerman RH, Karp DR, Mohan C. Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil’s impact on fatigue, quality of life, and disease activity in systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nutr J. 2015;14:82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Moniruzzaman M, Lee S, Park Y, Min T, Bai SC. Evaluation of dietary selenium, vitamin C and E as the multi-antioxidants on the methylmercury intoxicated mice based on mercury bioaccumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Chemosphere. 2021;273:129673.PubMedCrossRef Moniruzzaman M, Lee S, Park Y, Min T, Bai SC. Evaluation of dietary selenium, vitamin C and E as the multi-antioxidants on the methylmercury intoxicated mice based on mercury bioaccumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Chemosphere. 2021;273:129673.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Upritchard JE, Sutherland W, Mann JI. Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:733–8.PubMedCrossRef Upritchard JE, Sutherland W, Mann JI. Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:733–8.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Violi F, Nocella C, Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P. Interventional study with vitamin E in cardiovascular disease and meta-analysis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;178:26–41. This review focus on the impact of vitamin E in the atherothrombotic process and describes the results of experimental and clinical studies with the caveats related to the interventional trials with vitamin E to prevent cardiovascular disease.PubMedCrossRef Violi F, Nocella C, Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P. Interventional study with vitamin E in cardiovascular disease and meta-analysis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;178:26–41. This review focus on the impact of vitamin E in the atherothrombotic process and describes the results of experimental and clinical studies with the caveats related to the interventional trials with vitamin E to prevent cardiovascular disease.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Brenneisen P, Steinbrenner H, Sies H. Selenium, oxidative stress, and health aspects. Mol Aspects Med. 2005;26:256–67.PubMedCrossRef Brenneisen P, Steinbrenner H, Sies H. Selenium, oxidative stress, and health aspects. Mol Aspects Med. 2005;26:256–67.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Tang WW, McGee P, Lachin JM, Li DY, Hoogwerf B, Hazen SL. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus: insights from the DCCT/EDIC study. J Am Heart Association. 2018; 7, e008368. Tang WW, McGee P, Lachin JM, Li DY, Hoogwerf B, Hazen SL. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus: insights from the DCCT/EDIC study. J Am Heart Association. 2018; 7, e008368.
97.
go back to reference Tam LS, Li EK, Leung VY, Griffith JF, Benzie IF, Lim PL, Whitney B, Lee VW, Lee KK, Thomas GN. Effects of vitamins C and E on oxidative stress markers and endothelial function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a double blind, placebo controlled pilot study. J Rhuematol. 2005;32:275–82. Tam LS, Li EK, Leung VY, Griffith JF, Benzie IF, Lim PL, Whitney B, Lee VW, Lee KK, Thomas GN. Effects of vitamins C and E on oxidative stress markers and endothelial function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a double blind, placebo controlled pilot study. J Rhuematol. 2005;32:275–82.
99.
go back to reference Bazzano LA. Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10:473–7.PubMedCrossRef Bazzano LA. Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10:473–7.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AF. Impact of dietary fiber consumption on insulin resistance and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. 2018;148:7–12.PubMedCrossRef Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AF. Impact of dietary fiber consumption on insulin resistance and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. 2018;148:7–12.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Makki K, Deehan EC, Walter J, Bäckhed F. The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23:705–15.PubMedCrossRef Makki K, Deehan EC, Walter J, Bäckhed F. The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23:705–15.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Moreira MLP, Sztajnbok F, Giannini DT. Relationship between fiber intake and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. Revista Paulista De Pediatria. 2020; 39. Moreira MLP, Sztajnbok F, Giannini DT. Relationship between fiber intake and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. Revista Paulista De Pediatria. 2020; 39.
104.
go back to reference Quiñones M, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Beneficial effects of polyphenols on cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res. 2013;68:125–31.PubMedCrossRef Quiñones M, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Beneficial effects of polyphenols on cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res. 2013;68:125–31.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Dell’Agli M, Buscialà A, Bosisio E. Vascular effects of wine polyphenols. Cardiovascular Res. 2004;63:593–602.CrossRef Dell’Agli M, Buscialà A, Bosisio E. Vascular effects of wine polyphenols. Cardiovascular Res. 2004;63:593–602.CrossRef
106.
go back to reference Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C. Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36:838–49.PubMedCrossRef Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C. Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36:838–49.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Williams MJ, Sutherland WH, Whelan AP, McCormick MP, de Jong SA. Acute effect of drinking red and white wines on circulating levels of inflammation-sensitive molecules in men with coronary artery disease. Metabolism. 2004;53:318–23.PubMedCrossRef Williams MJ, Sutherland WH, Whelan AP, McCormick MP, de Jong SA. Acute effect of drinking red and white wines on circulating levels of inflammation-sensitive molecules in men with coronary artery disease. Metabolism. 2004;53:318–23.PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Khan H, Sureda A, Belwal T, Çetinkaya S, Süntar İ, Tejada S, Devkota HP, Ullah H, Aschner M. Polyphenols in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun rev. 2019;18:647–57.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Khan H, Sureda A, Belwal T, Çetinkaya S, Süntar İ, Tejada S, Devkota HP, Ullah H, Aschner M. Polyphenols in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun rev. 2019;18:647–57.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Rosenfeldt F, Marasco S, Lyon W, Wowk M, Sheeran F, Bailey M, Esmore D, Davis B, Pick A, Rabinov M. Coenzyme Q10 therapy before cardiac surgery improves mitochondrial function and in vitro contractility of myocardial tissue. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:25–32.PubMedCrossRef Rosenfeldt F, Marasco S, Lyon W, Wowk M, Sheeran F, Bailey M, Esmore D, Davis B, Pick A, Rabinov M. Coenzyme Q10 therapy before cardiac surgery improves mitochondrial function and in vitro contractility of myocardial tissue. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:25–32.PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Zhang P, Yang C, Guo H, Wang J, Lin S, Li H, Yang Y, Ling W. Treatment of coenzyme Q10 for 24 weeks improves lipid and glycemic profile in dyslipidemic individuals. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12:417–27. e415.PubMedCrossRef Zhang P, Yang C, Guo H, Wang J, Lin S, Li H, Yang Y, Ling W. Treatment of coenzyme Q10 for 24 weeks improves lipid and glycemic profile in dyslipidemic individuals. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12:417–27. e415.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Managing Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: Insights from a Nutritional Perspective
Authors
Huimin Chen
Lu Liu
Yi Wang
Liqiong Hong
Jiahui Pan
Xiongkai Yu
Haijiang Dai
Publication date
07-08-2024
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Nutrition Reports
Electronic ISSN: 2161-3311
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-024-00563-7

A quick guide to ECGs

Improve your ECG interpretation skills with this comprehensive, rapid, interactive course. Expert advice provides detailed feedback as you work through 50 ECGs covering the most common cardiac presentations to ensure your practice stays up to date. 

PD Dr. Carsten W. Israel
Developed by: Springer Medizin
Start the cases

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Read more