Terminolateral Neurorrhaphy: Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies

 

 Buy Article Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Since the reintroduction of the terminolateral neurorrhaphy (TLN) concept by Viterbo in 1992, several published articles and abstracts have been reported in the English literature. This report was prepared to investigate the following subjects: source of current research on TLN, animal models, methods of assessment of axonal regeneration, the source of regenerating axons, sensory vs. motor collateral sprouting, effects on the donor nerve, cellular events following TLN, factors affecting axonal regeneration and, finally, end-to-side nerve repair in the human patient.

REFERENCES

• 1 Sherren J. Some points in the surgery of the peripheral nerves.  Edinburgh Med J . 1906;  20 297
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 Kennedy R. On the restoration of coordinated movement after nerve crossing with interchange of function of the cerebral cortical centers.  Phil Trans R Soc Lond . 1901;  194B 127
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3 Ballance C, Ballance H A, Stewart P. Remarks on the operative treatment of chronic facial palsy of peripheral origin.  Br Med J . 1903;  2 1009
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Harris L, Low V W. On the importance of accurate muscular analysis in lesions of the brachial plexus and the treatment of Erb's palsy and infantile paralysis of the upper extremity by cross-union of the nerve roots.  Br Med J . 1903;  24 1035
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Petropoulos P C, Stefanko S. Experimental observations on the prevention of neuroma formation.  J Surg Res . 1961;  1 241
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 Viterbo F, Trindade J C, Hoshino K, Mazzoni A. Latero-terminal neurorrhaphy without removal of the epineurial sheath: experimental study in rats.  Sao Paulo Med J . 1992;  110 267
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 7 Viterbo F. A new method for treatment of facial palsy: the cross-face nerve transplantation with end-to-side neurorrhaphy.  Rev Soc Bras Cir Plast Estet Reconstr . 1993;  8 29
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Viterbo F, Palhares A, Franciosi L F. Restoration of sensibility after removal of the sural nerve: a new application of lateral-terminal neurorrhaphy (case report).  Rev Soc Bras Cir Plast Estet Reconstr . 1993;  8 85
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Viterbo F. Cross-face termino lateral neurorrhaphy: a new method of treatment of facial palsy (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1994;  10 109
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 Viterbo F, Trindade J C, Hoshino W, Mazzoni N A. Two end-to-side neurorrhaphies and nerve graft with removal of the epineurial sheath: experimental study in rats.  Br J Plast Surg . 1994;  47 75
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Viterbo F, Trindade J C, Hoshino K, Mazzoni N A. End-to-side neurorrhaphy with removal of the epineurial sheath: an experimental study in rats.  Plast Reconstr Surg . 1994;  94 1038
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Viterbo F, Fraciosi L F, Pathares A. Nerve grafting end-to-side neurorrhaphies connecting the phrenic nerve to the brachial plexus (letter).  Plast Reconstr Surg . 1995;  96 494
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Lundborg G, Zhao Q, Kanje M. Can sensory and motor collateral sprouting be induced from intact peripheral nerve by end-to-side anastomosis?.  J Hand Surg . 1994;  19B 277
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Ross D, Zuker R M, Matsuda H. End-to-side nerve coaptation for muscle reinnervation (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1995;  11 373
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 Van Vliet D, Doering L, Bain J, Veltri K. End-to-side neurorrhaphy: trauma or collateral sprouting?.  <~>(Abstract). Can J Plast Surg . 1996;  4 27
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 Bertelli J A, dos Santos R S A, Calixto J B. Is axonal sprouting able to transverse the conjunctival layers of the peripheral nerve?.  <~>A behavioral, motor, sensory study of end-to-side nerve anastomosis. J Reconstr Microsurg . 1996;  12 559
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Al-Qattan M M, Al-Thunayan A. Variables affectig axonal regeneration following end-to-side neurorrhaphy .  1998;  51 238
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Al-Qattan M M. Prevention and treatment of painful neuromas of the superficial radial nerve by the end-to-side nerve repair concept: an experimental study and preliminary clinical experience.  Microsurgery . 2000;  20 99
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Giovanoli P, Koller R, Meuli-Simmen C. Functional and morphologic results after end-to-side neurorrhaphy for muscle reinnervation: experimental study in rabbits (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 2000;  16 69
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Zhang Z, Jinyan B, Soucacos P N, Beris A E. Long term observations with end-to-side neurorrhaphy to repair the main nerve trunk of the forelimb in a rabbit model (Abstract).  J Reconst Microsurg . 1999;  15 631
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Zhang Z, Soucacos P N, Beris A E. Long-term evaluation of rat peripheral nerve repair with end-to-side neurorrhaphy.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 2000;  16 303
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 Zhang Z, Soucacos P N, Jinyan B O, Beris A E. Evaluation of collateral sprouting after end-to-side coaptation using a fluorescent double labelling technique.  Microsurgery . 1999;  19 281
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Zhang Z, Soucacos P N, Jinyan B O. What extent of reinnervation can be achieved from end-to-side nerve coaptation in a rat model?.  <~>(Abstract). J Reconstr Microsurg . 1998;  14 271
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Zhang Z, Jinyan B O, Soucacos P N. End-to-side neurorrhaphy: a short and long term evaluation (Abstract).  Microsurgery . 1999;  19 10
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Terzis J K, Fortes W M, Liuzzi F, Noah M. End-to-side neurorrhaphy evaluation of nerve growth factor elaboration using cRNA probes (in-situ hybridization).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 136
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 Fortes W M, Noah E M, Liuzzi F J, Terzis J K. End-to-side neurorrhaphy: evaluation of axonal response and upregulation of IGF-I and IGF-II in a non-injury model.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1999;  15 449
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Caplan J, Tiangco D A, Terzis J K. Effects of IGF-II in a new end-to-side model.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1999;  15 351
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Andreopoulos E K, Skoulis T G, Liuzzi F, Terzis J K. Double-labelling technique to trace axonal sprouting after end-to-side neurorrhaphy (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1998;  14 591
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Noah E M, Williams A, Jorgensen C. End-to-side neurorrhaphy: a histologic and morphometric study of axonal sprouting into an end-to-side nerve graft.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 99
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Noah E M, Williams A, Fortes W, Terzis J K. A new animal model to investigate axonal sprouting after end-to-side neurorrhaphy.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 317
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Okajima S, Terzis J K. Ultrastructure of axonal regeneration in end-to-side neurorrhaphy.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 605
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 32 Tarasidis G, Watanabe O, Mackinnon S E. End-to-side neurorrhaphy resulting in limited sensory axonal regeneration in a rat model.  Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1997;  106 506
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Tarasidis G, Watanabe O, Mackinnon S E. End-to-side neurorrhaphy: a long-term study of neural regeneration in a rat model.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1998;  119 337
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Hu G, Murin V P, Hays A, Chiu D TW. Termino-lateral neurorrhaphy with autogenous venous nerve conduit (AVNC): histologic study (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1999;  15 627
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Ting J, Hu G, Marin V P. End-to-side nerve anastomosis using autogenous vein nerve conduits (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1998;  14 591
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 McCallister W V, Tang P, Trumble T E. Is end-to-side neurorrhaphy effective?.  <~>A study of axonal sprouting stimulated from intact nerves. J Reconstr Microsurg . 1999;  15 597
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Matloub H S, Yan J G, Sanger J R, Yousif N J. A new anastomosis method for peripheral nerve: helicoid anastomosis (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 67
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Yan J G, Matloub H S, Sanger S R, Zhang L L. Nerve sprouting after termino-lateral neurorrhaphy (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1999;  15 376
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Rovak J M, Cederna P S, Macionis V. Termino-lateral neurorrhaphy: the functional axonal anatomy.  Microsurgery . 2000;  20 6
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Kalliainen L K, Cederna P S, Kuzon W M. Mechanical function of muscle reinnervated by end-to-side neurorrhaphy.  Plast Reconstr Surg . 1999;  103 1919
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Lohmen R, Bullock F, McNaughton T, Siemionow M. End-to-end versus end-to-side neurorrhaphy (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 135
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Campbell J N, Belzberg A J. Nerve fibers in the proximal end of the distal segment of a previously severed nerve in man: evidence for side-to-side nerve sprouting (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 137
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 43 Chen Y G, Brushart T M. The effect of denervated muscle and Schwann cells on axon collateral sprouting.  J Hand Surg . 1998;  23A 1025
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Shah M H, Kasabian A K, Karp N S. Axonal regeration through an autogenous nerve bypass: an experimental study in the rat.  Ann Plast Surg . 1997;  38 408
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Kasabian A, Karp N, Margiotta M. Treatment of a neuroma-in-continuity of the peroneal nerve bypass grafts: a case report.  Ann Plast Surg . 1999;  42 449
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 Zhang F, Cheng C, Chin B. Results of termino-lateral neurorrhaphy to original and adjacent nerves.  Microsurgery . 1998;  18 276
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Tham S KY, Morrison W A. Motor collateral sprouting through an end-to-side nerve repair.  J Hand Surg . 1998;  23A 844
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Mennen U. End-to-side nerve suture in the primate (Chacma baboon).  Hand Surg . 1998;  3 1
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Mennen U. End-to-side nerve suture in the human patient.  Hand Surg . 1998;  3 7
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Yuksel F, Kislaoglu E, Yildirim S. End-to-side neurorrhaphy supported by transposed active nerve fibers: its functional end result in a rat model.  Eur J Plast Surg . 1998;  21 57
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Yuksel F, Karacaoglu E, Guler M. Nerve regeneration through side-to-side neurorrhaphy sites in a rat model: a new concept in peripheral nerve surgery.  Plast Reconstr Surg . 1999;  104 2092
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 Kostakoglu N. Motor and sensory reinnervation in the hand after an end-to-side median to ulnar nerve coaptation in the forearm.  Br J Plast Surg . 1999;  52 404
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 53 Reis F A. Comparative study of axonal sprouting in nerve grafted to the vagus nerve and end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Master's thesis, Instituto de Biociencias, Universdade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil, 1999
  Google Scholar
• 54 Millesi H. Successful application of termino-lateral coaptation in brachial plexus surgery (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1999;  15 626
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 Frey M, Giovanoli P, Girsch W. Clinical application of end-to-side nerve coaptation for sensory or motor reinnervation (Abstract).  J Hand Surg . 1999;  24B supplement 9
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 Cao X, Tamai M, Kizaki W. Choline acetyltransferase activity in collateral sprouting of peripheral nerve after surgical intervention: experimental study in rats.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1999;  15 443
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Matsuda H, Hata Y, Osamu I, Battal N M. End-to-side nerve coaptation: clinical applications for cross face nerve grafts (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 376
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 Matsumoto M, Hirata H, Nishiyama M. Schwann cells can induce collateral sprouting from intact axons: experimental study of end-to-side neurorrhaphy using a Y-chamber model.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1999;  15 281
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 59 Battal M N, Hata Y, Matsuka K. Experimental study of nerve regeneration in end-to-side nerve coaptation.  J Jpn Plast Reconstr Surg . 1995;  15 910
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 60 Battal M N, Hata Y, Matsuka K. Cross facial nerve grafting by end-to-side neurorrhaphy with or without removal of the epineurium in rats.  J Jpn Plast Reconstr Surg . 1996;  16 641
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Lutz B S, Chuang D CC, Hsu J C, Wei F C. End-to-side neurorrhaphy: functional and double labelling study in rat upper limb (Abstract).  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1998;  14 590
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 Santamaria E, Wei F C, Chen I H, Chuang D CC. Sensory recovery on innervated radial forearm flap for hemiglossectomy reconstruction by using different recipient nerves.  Plast Reconstr Surg . 1999;  103 450
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Zhao J Z, Chen Z W, Chen T Y. Nerve regeneration after termino-lateral neurorrhaphy: experimental study in rats.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 1997;  13 31
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 Luo Y-X. Preliminary investigation of treatment of ulnar nerve defect by end-to-side neurorrhaphy (Abstract).  Plast Reconst Surg . 1998;  102 2528
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 McCallister W V, Tang P, Thomas E. Axonal sprouting across end-to-side coaptation: can it be stimulated and does it work?.  <~>(Abstract). J Reconstr Microsurg . 1998;  14 591
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Okajima S, Terzis J K. Ultrastructure of early axonal regeneration in an end-to-side neurorrhaphy model.  J Reconstr Microsurg . 2000;  16 313
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Liu K, Chen L E, Seaber A V. Motor functional and morphological findings following end-to-side neurorrhaphy in the rat model.  J Orthop Res . 1999;  17 293
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Rowen P R, Chen L, Urbaniak J R. End-to-side nerve repair: a review.  Hand Clin . 2000;  16 151
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Dellon A L. Re: nerve grafting and end-to-side neurorrhaphies connecting phrenic nerve to the brachial plexus (Letter).  Plast Reconstr Surg . 1996;  98 905
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 70 Mackinnon S E. Comment on variables affecting axonal regeneration following end-to-side neurorrhaphy. In: The Year Book of Hand Surgery St. Louis: Mosby 1999: 295
  Google Scholar
• 71 May M, Sobol F M, Mester S J. Hypoglossal-facial nerve interpositional-jump graft for facial reanimation without tongue atrophy.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;  104 818
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 72 Oberlin C, Beal D, Leechavengvongs S. Nerve transfer to biceps muscle using a part of ulnar nerve for C₅-C₆ avulsions of the brachial plexus: anatomical study and report of four cases.  J Hand Surg . 1994;  19A 232
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 73 Nath R K, Mackinnon S E. Nerve transfers in the upper extremity.  Hand Clin . 2000;  16 131
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 74 Battiston B, Lanzetta M. Reconstruction of high ulnar nerve lesions by distal double median to ulnar nerve transfer.  J Hand Surg . 1999;  24A 1185
  PubMedGoogle Scholar