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Open Access 05-03-2025 | Review

Overview of nerve entrapment syndromes in the foot and ankle

Authors: Milos Bojovic, Sanja Dimitrijevic, Bruno C. R. Olory, Cristiano Eirale, Omar AlSeyrafi, Abdulrahman Abdulla AlBaker, Branislav Krivokapic, Danilo Jeremic, Pieter DHooghe

Published in: International Orthopaedics

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Abstract

Purpose

Tunnel syndromes around the foot and ankle are underrecognized and frequently misdiagnosed nerve entrapments that can significantly impact patients' quality of life. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for these syndromes, focusing on the sural nerve, deep peroneal nerve, tibial nerve, medial plantar nerve, and inferior calcaneal nerve.

Methods

A thorough literature review was conducted, examining studies and case reports on nerve entrapments in the foot and ankle. The review covers the clinical assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment options, including conservative and surgical interventions.

Results

Tunnel syndromes of the foot and ankle can arise from various causes, including trauma, anatomical variations, repetitive strain, and systemic conditions. Clinical manifestations often include burning pain, tingling, and motor weakness, depending on the affected nerve. Accurate diagnosis relies on a detailed patient history, physical examination, and adjunctive tests such as electrodiagnostic and imaging. Conservative treatments, such as physical therapy, orthotics, and corticosteroid injections, are often effective, while surgical decompression is reserved for refractory cases.

Conclusions

Recognizing and diagnosing tunnel syndromes in the foot and ankle is essential for effective management and preventing permanent nerve damage. A systematic approach that integrates clinical evaluation and appropriate imaging can improve patient outcomes. Timely intervention, whether conservative or surgical, is crucial for alleviating symptoms and restoring function.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Pećina MM, Krmpotić-Nemanić J, Markiewitz AD (2001) Tunnel syndromes: peripheral nerve compression syndromes, 3rd edn. Zagreb Pećina MM, Krmpotić-Nemanić J, Markiewitz AD (2001) Tunnel syndromes: peripheral nerve compression syndromes, 3rd edn. Zagreb
30.
go back to reference Barrett SL, Sohani S, Ducasse S, Kahn A, Lee Dellon A (2021) Midarch Foot pain: entrapment neuropathy of the distal medial plantar nerve and its branches. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 111(2). https://doi.org/10.7547/19-036 (Article19) Barrett SL, Sohani S, Ducasse S, Kahn A, Lee Dellon A (2021) Midarch Foot pain: entrapment neuropathy of the distal medial plantar nerve and its branches. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 111(2). https://​doi.​org/​10.​7547/​19-036 (Article19)
Metadata
Title
Overview of nerve entrapment syndromes in the foot and ankle
Authors
Milos Bojovic
Sanja Dimitrijevic
Bruno C. R. Olory
Cristiano Eirale
Omar AlSeyrafi
Abdulrahman Abdulla AlBaker
Branislav Krivokapic
Danilo Jeremic
Pieter DHooghe
Publication date
05-03-2025
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
International Orthopaedics
Print ISSN: 0341-2695
Electronic ISSN: 1432-5195
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-025-06469-5